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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an easement? |
a right to use land for a particular use |
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What is eminent domain? |
power to take private property for purpose of public use by a state, municipality, or private person or corporation |
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what 4 elements compose whether or not eminent domain can be exercised? |
private property, must be taken, for public use, just compensation |
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If you found expansive soils on your site, what would a designer be most concerned about? |
Cracking of sidewalks, retaining walls, foundation cracking, footings, etc. |
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What are some key tools a designer can use before they arrive on site?
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Usgs aerials, quadrangle topo maps, usda soil surveys, FEMA hazardous maps, usda plant hardiness zones, historical aerials, |
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What should you look for during hydrology analysis
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Streams and wetlands, up stream/downstream conditions, drainage, riparian zones, flood areas, springs, seeps, basically where is the water, where is it coming/going, and what happens during an event |
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Client needs can be affected by
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Schedule, budget, scope, market, maintenance, politics, funding, revenue |
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Client needs can be affected by
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Schedule, budget, scope, market, maintenance, politics, funding, revenue |
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Newsletter, press kits, exhibits/display, website is what kind of technique for public participation? |
Information providing technique, providing info TO the public one way
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Which of the four ways would a LA receive info from the public?
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News conference, open house, focus groups, mail in response forms? |
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If an LA wanted to integrate all three levels of participation how would he do it? |
Public workshop: conduct briefings to officials, send newsletters to potential participants, placing media announcements, preparing a workshop |
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Hotlines, public workshops, open houses, paid advertisements are examples of
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Interaction/Information exchange
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Project parameters can include
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-Problem statement: describes issues to be solved
-Goals and objectives: general outcomes and specific means -Purpose statement: describes the needs of community or individual client -Expected outcomes statement: same as goal |
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Organize into goals and objectives:
1.Improvement traffic calming measures that slow speed 2. Enhanced vehicular safety 3. Introduce left turns from Wilson streets 4. Improve sight distance for Wilson ave drivers |
1. Objective
2. Goal 3. Objective 4. Objective |
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Inventory is
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Site's physical, biological, and cultural attributes (physical and non-physical)
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Igneous rocks:
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Origin from molten mass
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Sedimentary and metamorphic differ by:
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Sedimentary is soft stone or impervious horizon layer |
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Changing of the earths surface is called ______ and is caused by...
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-geomorphic processes |
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Rank each soil type based on stability from weak to strong
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Clay, silt, sand (loose), gravel (loose), sand gravel (compact), well graded compact clay/sand and gravel, sedimentary rock, foliated rock (metamorphic), massive bedrock |
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What natural feature factors can affect future planning?
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Mineral deposits |
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Moraine would most likely be found where?
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Colder climates, areas where glacier is were present. |
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A karst topography would is usually a result of?
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is a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterised by underground drainage systems with sinkholes, dolines, and caves. |
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Cuts for roads, rivers, clifs, etc can reveal a site's_ natural materials which are called ____?
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Strata |
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In arid regions, the ground water table is far below the surface creating a thick ______ zone
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Vadose |
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What is the difference between soils test and geotechnical test?
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Geo tech: concerned with construction characteristics
Soils report deals with planting |
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Geotechnical information provided should include:
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-Subsurface exploration data, subsurface profile, exploration logs, lab tests, ground water info |
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Soils test will tell a designer what?
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pH value, level of nutrients, amount of fertilizer and lime required
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True or false, new model of soils test, tests the soil and amends soil with chemicals for the desired plant palette?
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False
New method tests soil and designer tailors planting plan to adapted soils |
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Soil horizons?
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1. O - organic matter in recognizable form, leaves and partially decomposed matter |
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Match size with soil texture
1. .002-.05 mm 2. <.002 mm 3. .05-.5 mm 4. .5-2.0 mm |
1. Silt
2. Clay 3. Fine sand 4. Coarse sand |
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Order soil textures from smallest to biggest
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1. Clay |
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Soil Structure is affected by: |
the arrangement of solid parts of the soil and of the pore space between them |
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Permeability and aerations are components of: |
Soil Structure |
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A geo-tech reports that the A horizon has two soil structures present, which two structures are present and which one does the geotech prefer? |
Platy and granular exist in A-horizon. Granular is better due to availability of air and water between particles. Platy has overlapping particles impairing circulation. |
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What common soil structures would be present in a B-horizon |
Blocky (square and angular particles that slows h20 movement) Prismatic/Columnar (Vertical columns w/ vertical cracks) |
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How do you achieve max solar gain
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When the suns rays are perpendicular to the surface, an incidence of 0. Surfaces reflect more light when rays are not perpendicular
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Plants that survive well in arid regions are usually called
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Xerophytic
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Plant types that would survive with reclaimed water are called
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Halophytic
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Distinguish between:
1. Marine wetland 2. Tidal wetland 3. Estuarine wetland |
1. Open water and associated coastline
2. Influenced by tides, brackish or saline water 3. Tidal waters of coastal rivers and embayments, salty tidal marshes, mangrove swamps, and tidal flats |
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A developer asks if he can build on a site, when you arrive you determine it is a wetland, how did you determine this?
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1. Periodically, the land supports hydrophytes (water veg)
2. Substrate is predominately a hydric soil (no oxygen) 3. Substrate is saturated with water or covered in shallow water during the growing season |
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What are three ways to determine wetland areas |
1. vegetation 2. soil type 3. flood zone |
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What two mapping services are available for wetland classification?
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Bailey ecoregions map, omernik map based on climate, landforms, soils use |
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What is the official classification system for the us fish and wildlife service?
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Cowardin classification system |
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How do forests and woodlands differ?
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Forests have at least 60% canopy cover |
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What two vegetative structures house plant species of ecological importance?
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Wetlands and grasslands
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A row of trees line a field and playground, what kind of vegetative structure is this?
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Fencerows
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Trees and shrubs less than 15' and variable cover describes a
1. Woodland 2. Brush 3. Forest 4. Grassland |
Brush
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What are ways to prevent landslide motion?
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Excavation, drainage, restraining structures, vegetative covers
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Evaluating a site what are some natural hazards every designer needs to know? |
Flooding, fire, landslides
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To find legal limits of a site, a la can turn to...
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1. Plat map
2. Tax accessors map 3. Land survey |
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The most accurate way to find all built elements of a site and legal boundaries is a ____?
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Land survey
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What is and isn't shown on a plat map?
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Plats show: roads and names, right of way, easements, parcel number, size, access to utility and row, lot size and geometry,
Don't show any detail between prop. Lines. No built elements, building to lot density, |
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What maps would you use for topo, land forms, and hazards?
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Usgs quads
Aerials both historic and current Site survey Floodplain maps from FEMA Hazard maps from FEMA |
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What maps would you use for vegetation?
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Aerial |
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To find the local uses of a site, one could use a _____
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Zoning ordinance map
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Regulations of off street parking is an example of a ?
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Zoning ordinance
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What must be done before a zoning ordinance is added, changed, or modified?
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A report and notice during public hearings
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What is mandatory of subdivision ordinance in California?
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Proper grading and erosion control including the prevention of sedimentation or damage to offsite property
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What are specific standards of subdivision regulation?
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Lot shape and minimum lot size
Road right of ways, dims, layout, construction standards Types and widths of easements for easements and access ways Construction standards for public utilities Open space requirements |
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A plot of land that is in the way of a gas line, a utility company/city could do what to run the line through the property?
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-Set up easement agreement with owner |
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A potential sale of land outlaws the use to be dense residential and high rise condos to be built. This is an example of? |
Restrictive covenant |
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Obligating an owner to pay fees to an hoa are examples of |
Affirmative covenant |
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What are the requirements for a convenant? |
1. In writing |
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What level of code amongst federal, state, county and local is most stringent?
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Local code, they can amend any code as long as it is more restrictive |
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A large development is building near a wetland, what approval process/assessment would first take place? |
EIR, environmental impact review/report |
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What is a zoning and subdivision review?
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Proposed changes to land use or exemption from standards and subdivisions of land above a certain level require a zoning and subdivision review.
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A large development is building near a wetland, what approval process/assessment would first take place? |
EIR, environmental impact review/report
Applies to all large devs, or any federal review project |
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An Indian burial is found on a construction site, what happens then? |
An archeological resource and historic properties review by state archeologist and local planning |
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Virtually all buildings both commercial and industrial have to go through?
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Design review board by local planning or state architect |
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After designing a site, more then 10,000 sf of impervious surface is called for, what happens?
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Swppp erosion control plan |
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What are building permits for? |
New building or renovation
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Occupant permits?
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Required to occupy commercial, industrial, or multi family residential structures
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If your permit gets revoked what do you do?
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Make an appeal to higher authority (planning staff to planning board) |
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what is site analysis
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Process of interpreting data based on an initial program
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Pro forma is
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Financial forecast based on hypothetical, anticipated profits and losses
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Critical path analysis |
Determines which activities depend on which, the activities duration, and which activities can occur at the same time |
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Project evaluation review technique (pert) |
Schedule, cost, time |
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Cluster analysis |
Diagram showing relationships and linkages
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Building envelope studies
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Diagram showing political governmental restrictions such as setbacks and zoning regulations. Total space available for structure when those factors are taken in account.
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What are two floodplain restrictions?
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1. No enclosed structures or appurtenances |
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Active recreation setback?
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Shall be a 30' clear zone free of obstructions around rec fields |
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Security setback? |
Clear zone of plantings 3' wide and height from 3'-8' clear of plantings |
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Compare and contrast site analysis and site inventory |
Site inventory is collecting attribute data (physical, biological, social, cultural), circulation, architecture, character, soils, topo, hydrology, climate, veg, wildlife, land use, history
Site analysis summarizes suitability for programmed uses, identifies opps and constraints |
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Site Selection Steps: |
1. clarify project objects 2. determine site selection criteria 3. identify potential sites 4. evaluate each site 5. rank each site 6. conduct feasibility study of each site |
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carrying capacity |
amount environment can hold with negative impacts |
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clustering |
land development is grouped together |
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detention basin |
stormwater is detained and released later at prescribed rate |
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drainage basin |
area that contributes runoff to a stream, basin or area |
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ecotone |
transition zone between two groups of vegetation |
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eutrophication |
increase of biomass in a water body |
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siltation |
deposition of sediment from runoff and erosion |
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stream order |
rank of streams |
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sanborn map |
detailed map that details information and attributes |
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what is site programming |
define's site objectives and functional requirements |
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what is aspect? |
direction a slope faces |
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how does urban development impact hydrology |
-increase volumes and rates of runoff -reduce time water takes to surface water -increase frequency and severity of flooding -reduced stream flow during prolonged periods of dry weather |
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soil strength? |
soils ability to resist deformation |
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soil cohesion? |
How soil particles stick together |
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Soil Shear Strength? |
Measure of strength of soil from downward force |
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Bulk density for soil is? |
support capacity, weight per volume of any unit of soil (higher = better) |
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Liquid Limit of soil? |
moisture content at which soil flows and will not retain it's shape |
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Plastic Limit |
Moisture content when soil starts to crack after rolled into long threads |
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Organize from high plasticity to low plasticity: clay, silt, sand |
Clay, Silt, Sand |
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Soil plasticity? |
Ability for a soil to become deformed without breaking |
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soil elasticity? |
Ability for a soil to return to its original shape after a load condition |
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How do you increase ph of a acidic soil |
Add lime |
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How do you decrease ph of a basic soil |
Iron or aluminum suphates, or sulfuric acid |
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Why would you add gypsum
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Clay soils, gypsum works into clay particles and allows for water and air pores to be created. Neutral ph and has no fertilizer
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What is the make up of a loam soil |
40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay |
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What are the three soil type classification systems?
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1. Grain size distribution |
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What is grain size distribution?
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Soil classification system in which soils are classed by grain size
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Define atterburg limits
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Soil classification on which soils are graded on water content |
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Define unified soil classification system
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Soil classification system in which soil is classed on construction use |
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What is a hydric soil and where can you find them commonly?
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They are conditions where soil is inundated often and has anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions, usually found in wetlands |
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What is mitigation banking?
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A wetland mitigation, building surplus acreage of compensation credits through replacement, restoration, preservation of a wetland |
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What is Mitigation
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To lessen an impact of an action on the natural or human environment
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Define PUD
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Planned urban development, allows for consolidation of multiple parcels into one master plan development, often for mixed use development |
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What is a environmental determinism?
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Analysis of environmental conditions that determine land use decisions |
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What are the two phases of environmental assessment?
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1. Astm phase one: summarizes site history and use, groundwater and soil analysis |
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What is a environmental determinism?
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Analysis of environmental conditions that determine land use decisions
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A house is being considered for the national historic preservation list what are the four considerations for it
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Age quality representation and rarity
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What are the two phases of environmental assessment? |
1. Astm phase one: summarizes site history and use, groundwater and soil analysis
2, IF contaminated, environmental impact statement to be prepared |
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What is included in an environmental impact statement?
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Contains proposed actions, alternative actions, ramifications of actions, preserve historic, ways to minimize disturbance, and set up future monitoring
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A house is being considered for the national historic preservation list what are the four considerations for it |
Age quality representation and rarity
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What is erosion control?
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To disturb as little land as possible and stabilize Soil to prevent erosion, control pollution, sediment discharge
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What is a coefficient runoff number?
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A number given to a surface proportional to the amount of runoff it creates
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What is base flow?
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Portion of groundwater that feeds a stream
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Infiltration rate?
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Rate at which a surface takes in water
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What is peak discharge?
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Max flow of a storm event
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What is the rational method?
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Equation to determine peak discharge
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What is the rational method equation? |
Q=c *i*a |
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What is time of concentration?
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Time it takes a drop of water on the perimeter of a drainage basin to go through the basin to the outlet
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What is time of concentration formula?
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R=L/V
R=time of rate L=length of flow path V= velocity |
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At what rate of infiltration would be insufficient for a soil? |
.17
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What is nitrogen responsible for in the soil?
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Vegetative growth of plants above ground with dark green foliage
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What is nitrogen responsible for in the soil?
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Vegetative growth of plants above ground with dark green foliage |
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What is phosphorous responsible for as a macronutrient?
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Growth of roots, fruit, flower, and resistance to disease
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What is nitrogen responsible for in the soil?
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Protein synthesis Vegetative growth of plants above ground with dark green foliage |
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What is phosphorous responsible for as a macronutrient?
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ATP synthesis Growth of roots, fruit, flower, and resistance to disease |
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What is potassium responsible for as a macronutrient?
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, cellulose, resist disease, protects them from cold, and prevents excess water loss in hot weather |
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How does a soil become basic? |
Parent material and basic elements are not leached by rain (like a desert) |
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How does a soil become acidic?
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Rainfall and leaching, acidic parent material, organic matter decay, harvest high yield crops
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Of acidic and base soils which ones have high salts and which ones have high organic matter? |
Basic soils have high salts
Acidic had high organic matter |
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If the soil is alkaline what do you do you amend it with?
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Sulfur, gypsum, lime sulfur to release alkaline compounds |
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If your soil is nutrient deficient what do you add?
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Fertilizer, manure, compost, or lead mold
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If your soil is humus deficient what do you add?
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Fertilizer, manure, compost, leaf mold
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If your soil is compacted how do you amend it?
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Loosen soil or provide aeration pipes |
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If your soil has low drainage what do you do?
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Bore through the hardpans or provide aeration pipes
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If your soil is heavy what do you amend it with?
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Add manure, compost, gypsum
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What are headwaters of streams?
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Are the beginnings of rivers, the upper most part of a stream. Only flow for part of the year. |
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What are headwaters of streams?
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Are the beginnings of rivers, the upper most part of a stream. Only flow for part of the year. |
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What are perennial streams?
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Streams that flow year round, mostly supplied by groundwater or upper streams |
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What are intermittent streams?
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Seasonal, Flow during certain times of the year supplemented by mostly by ground water and small upper streams. precipitation supplemental.
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What are ephemeral streams?
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Rain dependent streams, only runs after precipitation
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What are channels
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Natural or artificial open areas that connect two bodies of water that may have water flowing continuously or periodically
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What benefits do wetlands serve?
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Floodwater storage, water filtration, habitat, biological productivity
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What is LID
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Low impact design, keep storm water as close to source as possible. (Rain gardens, green roofs, bio Swales, etc)
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What is the max radius of nosing on a stair?
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1/2"
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What is the max angle a riser can have on stairs?
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30 degrees
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What is the furthest the nosing on a stair can extend over a tread?
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1-1/2" max
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At what slope do you need handrails?
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Any slope greater then 5%
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What are the handrail height requirements? |
34-38" above grade
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What is the minimal horizontal and vertical projection that handrails should be mounted? |
1-1/2 min.
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What is the max cross section of handrail?
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2-1/4"
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What is porosity?
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Total volume of void space in a material
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What is a water table? |
Upper surface of groundwater zone
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What is an aquifer?
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Large concentrations of useable groundwater
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Groundwater basin is?
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Group of aquifers linked together in a large flow system
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What are aquifer consequences if a wetland is removed or polluted?
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Wetlands act as recharge zones allowing water to flow into a aquifer. If removed water may not be able to recharge and of contaminated water will pollute aquifer
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How does urban development affect water withdrawal from aquifers?
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High withdrawal of water from wells create a cone of depression, this creates soil subsidence from volume decrease
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When planning for an industrial site what is one of the main concerns for drinking water?
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Contamination of aquifers
Find out what potential contaminants, how they would arrive, and if they would infiltrate an aquifer |
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What are the three ways floodplains are of significant when you planning your site?
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1. Lowest part of the stream valley
2. Soils are poorly drained due to saturation 3. Formed by incremental erosion and associated with lateral movement |
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Why is erosion evaluation important to site planning?
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Loss of topsoil, depletion of soil resources, impact of sedimentation to wetlands, rivers, and drainage facilities
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What is the sun angle?
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Angle between earth and light approaching surface
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Rank these albedo a for various surfaces from high to low |
Water, synthetic, vegetation, soil
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What factors how albedo affects the local microclimate
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Surface reflectivity of material, sun angle, wind conditions, area of Albedo surface
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How does solar orientation affect vegetation and soil communities? |
South facing slopes have higher rates of soil evaporation and plant transpiration then north. Different plant communities, drought tolerant, shade loving plants
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How does aspect affect erosion?
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Less vegetation so more ground exposed making erosion more likely
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What are three approaches to vegetation analysis
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1. Map distribution of plants to see spatial correlations (topography to species)
2. Examine features that may influence plant distributions 3. Use plants as environmental conditions |
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What are five ways you can sample vegetation?
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1. Quadrat -grids
2. Stratified - subdivision zones 3. Transecting 4. Systematic- sample only a series of quadrat 5. Windshield |
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What are the four sources of wetland water?
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Precipitation, groundwater, runoff, ocean tide water
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When Finding the boundaries of a wetland, what are the three best mapping techniques ordered from best to worst?
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1. Vegetation
2. Soil type 3. Flood zones |
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What are some data resources for wetlands?
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Topographic maps, aerial photographs us fish and wildlife or lidar, field verification
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What are some data resources for wetlands?
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Topographic maps, aerial photographs us fish and wildlife or lidar, field verification
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What is a hydric soil?
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Wetland soil, mainly organic and indicators of wetland areas
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What are the 6 factors that affect slope stability?
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Steepness, composition, history of failure, vegetation, drainage, land use
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What is bearing capacity?
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Soils resistance to penetration from a weighted object
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What is soil texture?
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Composite sizes of soil particles, measures percentage of soil types
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What are the three key points of information an USDA soil survey map shows?
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Soil drainage, texture, and composition
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Why are organic soils unsuitable for development? |
Highly compressible, decompose when drained, leaded to subsidence
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What is permeability?
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Amount of water that will pass through a soil sample
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What type of soils are best for waste water filtration?
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Balances textural mix of coarse for water transmittal and fine for bio filter. Loans are generally the best combination
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what is eminent domain? |
power to take private property for function of public use by a state, municipality, private person or corporation |
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what are the 4 elements that determine if eminent domain can be exercised? |
private property, must be taken, for public use, just compensation, |
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What are the 7 steps to the design process? |
1. project acceptance 2. Research analysis 3. Design 4. Construction Documents 5. Implementation 6. Post construction evaluation 7. Maintenance |
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What are the 4 steps to research step in the design process? |
1. base plan prep. 2. site inventory/analysis 3. client interview 4. program development |
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what is the formula for a walkway width |
width= V(M)/S v= volume of ped/min m=density of pedestrian (ft^2/ped) s= walkway speed |
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Aggradation |
filling of stream channel with sediment |
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Alluvial fan |
fan shaped deposit of sediment laid down at the foot of a slop |
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Alluvium |
soil material deposited by running water, common by flood |
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colluvium |
any material made up of a mixture of runoff and mass wasting deposits |
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color of soil is determined by? |
Organic content drainage conditions degree of oxidation |
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Red/brown clay can mean? |
Good drainage, iron oxidized |
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yellow soil means |
Some drainage |
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Grey/Blue soil means |
poor drainage |
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Dark soils indicate |
high organic content |
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Very light soils indicate |
leached soils |
