Science Chapter 19

Front 1

prokaryote

Back 1

smallest and most common microorganisms
have no nucleus to contain genetic material

Front 2

eubacteria

Back 2

larger of the 2 kingdoms
live in fresh water salt water, land, and within humans

e coli

their cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a carbohydrate

Front 3

archaebacteria

Back 3

lack peptidoglycan and have

live in harsh environments

different membrane lipids

DNA sequeunces are more like eyukaryotes than eubacteria

Front 4

methanogens

Back 4

archaebacteria prokaryotes

live in oxygen free environments like mud or

Front 5

bacilli

Back 5

rod shaped

Front 6

sprialla

Back 6

spiral and corkscrew shaped

Front 7

cocci

Back 7

spherical

Front 8

chemoheterotrophs

Back 8

must take in food to obtain energy and carbon supply

humans are

Front 9

photoheterotrophs

Back 9

use sunlight for energy, but also need to take in organic compounds as a carbon source

Front 10

photoautotrophs

Back 10

use light energy to convert CO2 and water to C compounds and Oxygen

found near plentiful sunlight

Front 11

cyanobacteria

Back 11

contain bluish pigment and chloryphyll a, water or land

Front 12

chemoautotrophs

Back 12

like photoautotrophs, make organic C molecules from CO2

unlike photos, they dont use light

they use energy from reactions using mostly ammonia

Front 13

obligate aerobes

Back 13

require a constant supply of O
myobacterium TB

Front 14

obligate anaerobes

Back 14

must live w/o O

clostridium botulinum

Front 15

facultative anarobes

Back 15

dont need O, but are not killed by its presence

they can switch from cellular respiration to fermentation, letting them live just about anywhere

E COLI

Front 16

binary fission

Back 16

asexual

when bacterium has grown and nearly doubled, it replicates its DNA and divides in half producting 2 daughter cells

Front 17

conjugation

Back 17

a hollow bridge forms b/w 2 bacterial cells and genes move from one to the other

this transfer increases genetic diversity in populations of bacteria

Front 18

spores

Back 18

formed when growth conditions become unfavorable

they help bacteria survive harsh conditions

Front 19

endospore

Back 19

formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

can remain dominant for years while waiting for favorable growth conditions, it will germinate and the bacterium will begin to grow again.

Front 20

Why are bacteria important?

Back 20

vital to maintaining the living world

some are producers, some are decomposers, some have human uses

Front 21

nitrogen fixation

Back 21

process of converting N gas into a form that plants can use

Front 22

human uses of bacteria

Back 22

one type can clean up petroleum

another remove waste and poisons from water

used in a large variety of foods and beverages

Front 23

Viruses are made of particles of

Back 23

nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids

Front 24

viruses can only reproduce by

Back 24

infecting living cells

Front 25

composition of a virus

Back 25

a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

Front 26

capsid

Back 26

virus's protein coat

includes proteins that enbable a virus to enter a host cell

Front 27

bacteriophages

Back 27

viruses that can affect bacteria

Front 28

lytic infection

Back 28

a virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst



Bacteriophage T4

Front 29

lysogenic infections

Back 29

a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and teh viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell's DNA

Front 30

prophage

Back 30

the viral DNA embedded in the host's DNA

can remain part of the host cell's DNA before becoming active

Front 31

retroviruses

Back 31

conatin RNA as their genetic information

when they infect a cellt they produce a DNA copy of their own RNA

like in prophages, this DNA is inserted into the host cell's DNA

Front 32

How do retroviruses get their names?

Back 32

their genetic information is copied backward- from RNA to DNA instead of DNA to RNA

AIDS is one

Front 33

pathogens

Back 33

disease causing agents

disease can be described a conflict b/w the pathogen and the host

Front 34

What are the 2 ways that bacteria produce disease?

Back 34

1. damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells for food

2. release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body interferring with normal activity of the host

Front 35

using cellls for food example

Back 35

myobacterium TB

Front 36

realeasing toxins example

Back 36

streptoccus

Front 37

vaccine

Back 37

preaparation of weakened or killed pathogens

prompts body to produce immunity to the disease

Front 38

antibiotics

Back 38

compounds that block the gworth and reproduction of bacteria

can cure many bacterial diseases

Front 39

way to control bacterial growth

Back 39

1.sterilizing by heat
- msot bacteria cannot live in high temperatures

2. Disinfectants- chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria.

used in handwashes, bathroom or kitchen cleaning fluids

3. food storage (temperature) and processing- boiling, frying, steaming, refrigerating kill bacteria

canning food

can be overused leading to loss of immunity

Front 40

viroids

Back 40

single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids.

PLANTS

Front 41

prions

Back 41

protein infectous particles

ANIMALS