Science Chapter 10 Study Guide

Front 1

About how much of the Earth is covered by water? How much is salt water? How much is fresh water?

Back 1

About 75% of the Earth’s
surface is covered in water; of that just over 97% is salt water and just less than 3% is fresh water.

Front 2

Put these in order from LARGEST supply to SMALLEST supply of water: liquid fresh water, salt water, frozen fresh water, water
vapor, groundwater

Back 2

salt water, frozen fresh water, groundwater, liquid fresh water, water vapor

Front 3

Where would you find MOST of the fresh water on Earth? About what percentage of all fresh water is this?

Back 3

Most of the fresh
water on Earth is found frozen in the polar ice caps (frozen sheets that cover Antarctica (near the South Pole) and Greenland
and the area around the North Pole. This frozen fresh water represents about 76% of all of Earth’s fresh water (but remember
fresh water is only 3%, so we are talking about just 2.28% of all of the water on Earth).

Front 4

In what form is water present in the atmosphere?

Back 4

Water is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.

Front 5

Of all the water on Earth, less than _____ % is fresh water that humans can use.

Back 5

Less than 0.5% of the fresh water on Earth is
available for human use.

Front 6

What is infiltration? How is it different from runoff?

Back 6

Infiltration is the slow movement of water through a filtering medium (for
example … water moving through soil); runoff is water that moves over the surface of the Earth.

Front 7

What is groundwater?

Back 7

Groundwater is water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers.

Front 8

How many oceans are there in the world?

Back 8

There is only one world ocean, we use the names Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and
Southern to identify different areas of the ocean, but there is only one ocean.

Front 9

What is a tributary? Can you give a local example?

Back 9

A tributary is a stream or smaller river that feeds into a larger river. Vickery
Creek, Haw Creek, Two Mile Creek, James Creek, Young Deer Creek, Johns Creek are all local examples of tributaries. They,
along with dozens of other small streams and rivers, all feed into the Chattahoochee River.

Front 10

What is a watershed?

Back 10

A watershed is the land area that drains into a river system. When it rains or there is snow melt, the
runoff feeds into the areas river system.

Front 11

Water is the only substance on Earth that can exist in all three states of matter, what are the states?

Back 11

Water can exist in a solid
state as ice, as liquid water, and in a gaseous state as water vapor.

Front 12

How do rivers begin?

Back 12

Rivers most often begin in the mountains where runoff from rain and melting snows form small
streams. As these streams flow downhill they join other streams and eventually become large enough to be classified as a
river.

Front 13

What is a river system?

Back 13

A river system is made up of a river and all of its tributaries.

Front 14

What are some of the ways that lakes form?

Back 14

Lakes have formed in the depressions created by ice sheets that melted towards
the end of the Ice Age, by the movement of Earth’s crust, volcanoes (either when the lava flow blocks a river and forms a
lake or when the crater of a long dormant volcano collects runoff, rainwater, and snowmelt), lakes can also be manmade
(building a dam across a river … like Lake Lanier), and lakes, like ponds, can form when water collects low-lying areas of land.

Front 15

What is a reservoir?

Back 15

A reservoir is a lake that is used to store water for human use.

Front 16

Why are plants able to grow throughout a pond, but not a lake?

Back 16

Plants can grow throughout ponds because they are small,
and shallow, this enables sunlight can reach the bottom in all areas of a pond. In a lake, there are areas that are too deep for
sunlight to reach the bottom and so plants can’t grow in those areas.

Front 17

What is the basic food producer in ponds?

Back 17

The basic food producer in ponds are microscopic algae.

Front 18

Describe a wetland.

Back 18

A wetland is any land area that is covered by water either part or all of the year.

Front 19

What is the natural function of wetlands?

Back 19

Wetlands help control flooding and provide habitats for many species.

Front 20

Name three examples of freshwater wetlands.

Back 20

The three most common types of freshwater wetlands are marshes (usually
grassy areas covered by shallow water or streams; cattails are often found in marshed), swamps (look like flooded forests
and are typically found in warm, humid climates), and bogs (usually found in northern areas where it is cooler, and often
form in depressions left by melting ice sheets; moss tend to thrive in bogs).

Front 21

Name two examples of salt water wetlands.

Back 21

Two types of salt water wetlands are salt marshes and mangrove forests.

Front 22

What is infiltration? What causes infiltration? I

Back 22

Infiltration is the slow movement of water through a filtering medium. It is caused when runoff travels across the Earth or water stands in flat or low-lying areas.

Front 23

What is the source of groundwater?

Back 23

Runoff from precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) is the source of groundwater.

Front 24

What does permeable mean? Give an example of a material that is permeable.

Back 24

Permeable means that liquids or gases can
pass through a material. In order to be permeable, a material must have interconnected pores and/or cracks which allow
liquid to move through. Sand is an example of a permeable material. When you pour water on sand it quickly moves down
through the sand.

Front 25

What does impermeable mean? Give an example of a material that is impermeable.

Back 25

Impermeable means that liquids and gases
cannot pass through a material. Materials that are impermeable have few or no pores or cracks. Examples of impermeable
materials include clay and granite.

Front 26

What does it mean when we say the ground or the air is saturated?

Back 26

Saturated means to be totally filled in the case of
saturated ground, it is totally filled with water; in the air, water vapor.

Front 27

What is the water table? Where is it located (be specific)?

Back 27

Once water that has infiltrated the ground reaches the
impermeable lay it becomes trapped and can’t soak in any deeper. Instead the water begins to fill up the spaces above the
impermeable material. The water table is located between the saturated and unsaturated zones.

Front 28

What happens to the water table in a drought? What happens to the water table in a flood?

Back 28

During a drought the level of
water in the water table will drop, the roots of plants (all types of plants) that once reached down to the water table may no
longer do so and plants may turn brown and die. During a flood, the water table becomes too full (reaches saturation) and
water will sit on top of the ground and/or runoff.

Front 29

What is a spring?

Back 29

A spring occurs when groundwater flows up to the surface of the Earth; often this occurs where the water
table is very close to the surface of the ground.

Front 30

What is an aquifer?

Back 30

An aquifer is an underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water. Aquifers can be small patches or
they may cover an area as big as several states together.

Front 31

What two factors determine how easily water moves through a material?

Back 31

Two factors that determine how easily water moves
through a material are the presence of pores and cracks in a material and the size of pores and cracks in a material.

Front 32

What is the role of evaporation in the water cycle (be specific)? From where does water evaporate?

Back 32

The role of evaporation in
the water cycle is to move water from the surface of the Earth into the atmosphere. All water on the surface of the Earth is
heated by the sun which causes the liquid water to turn into water vapor and rise into the atmosphere. The water for
evaporation comes from anywhere fresh or salt water is found … including in the ground, in plants, and in people and
animals.

Front 33

What is the role of plants in the water cycle? Use the “-ation” word that relates to the role of plants.

Back 33

Plants give off water
vapor from their leaves in a process called transpiration. The plants take in water through their roots, the water moves
throughout the plant and heat from the sun causes water in the leaves to convert to water vapor which is released into the
atmosphere.

Front 34

What is the role of condensation in the water cycle? Where does condensation occur?

Back 34

Condensation is the process whereby
water vapor is turned back into liquid water which gives us precipitation. Condensation occurs in clouds.

Front 35

What happens during condensation (be specific)?

Back 35

As water vapor rises in the atmosphere, it grabs onto particles of dust,
smoke, and other pollutants and forms clouds. As the clouds rise the air cools and causes the water vapor to condense back
into liquid water. Water molecules are attracted to each other and eventually they form droplets that are too heavy to stay
in the sky.

Front 36

What is the role of precipitation in the water cycle? What are the four forms of precipitation?

Back 36

Precipitation is the process that
moves water back to Earth’s surface. As more water vapor condenses, the drops of water in the clouds grow larger.
Eventually they become heavier than the air holding them and fall to the Earth as precipitation. Precipitation can occur in the
form of rain (liquid), sleet (rain that falls through air that is colder than 32° F (0° C) causing the particles to freeze), snow
(water in a cloud that converts directly from water vapor to ice crystals called snowflakes), or hail (form only in
cumulonimbus clouds, it starts as ice pellets inside a cold region of a cloud; strong updrafts carry the hailstone back up into
the cloud where new layers of ice form around it; eventually it becomes heavy enough to fall to the ground).

Front 37

What is the role of runoff in the water cycle? Where does the water go?

Back 37

Runoff allows water that falls as precipitation to be
distributed across the surface of the Earth … to supply rivers and lakes, to provided needed water for plants, animals, and
humans, and to absorb into the ground. Water in runoff travels across the surface of the Earth into lakes, rivers, and
streams, into the groundwater system, and into the ocean.

Front 38

What is the energy source for the water cycle?

Back 38

The sun is the energy source for the water cycle.

Front 39

What do we mean when we say the water cycle? What does the term cycle imply?

Back 39

A cycle is a process or sequence of events
that repeats over and over again. In the case of the water cycle, water moves throughout the hydrosphere in various states
and through various processes.

Front 40

Does water ever leave the water cycle? Does new water ever enter the water cycle?

Back 40

The water that is here today is the same
water that was here a million years ago and is the same water that will be here a million years in the future. New water
never enters, nor does water ever leave the water cycle.

Front 41

Review your sketch of how water moves through the various layers and the names of those layers; the diagram of the water cycle; and the diagram of waves and the names of the various parts of a wave.

Back 41

....describe from your diagram....
what are the names of the layers?