Schizophrenia And The Psychoses

Front 1

Schizophrenia prevalence: As a rule of thumb, the figure of ________ case of schizophrenia per 100 life time incidence seems a relatively good estimate of the size of the pool.

Back 1

As a rule of thumb, the figure of ________ case of schizophrenia per 100 life time incidence seems a relatively good estimate of the size of the pool. One in 100.

Front 2

The continuum view of schizophrenia argues that:

Back 2

Schizophrenia it is a fairly vague term used to classify a set of symptoms, and is not in itself, a diagnostic category. Psychosis is often discussed as if it is a well defined unitary psychological concept. Each symptom definition has its own internal ambiguities and inconsistencies.

Front 3

The continuum view of schizophrenia traditionally links schizophrenia to (three things)

Back 3

1. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders 2. Affective disorders 3. ‘Organic syndrome’ disorders (commonly dementia)

Front 4

The continuum view of schizophrenia argues that the illness may arise after almost any sort of illness, injury or drug use. What are some Pubmed attributions for the illness?

Back 4

AIDS, intensive care, malaria, leprosy, mumps, steroids, flu, diving, painting.

Front 5

What are the three components of the schizophrenia spectrum?

Back 5

1. Isolated symptoms 2. Prodromal symptoms 3. Schizophrenia

Front 6

Prevalence of schizophrenia in MZ twins?

Back 6

near 60%

Front 7

Susceptibility genes for schizophrenia include (6):

Back 7

NRG1 DTNBP1 DISC1 G30/DAO, G72/DAOA COMT

Front 8

Psychosis does not equal _____________?

Back 8

Psychosis does not equal schizophrenia. However, the diagnosis of schizophrenia, relies on the presence of psychotic symptoms. This has confused the picture, as many studies of ‘psychosis’ are actually on schizophrenia-related psychosis.

Front 9

Psychosis vs Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia seems to involve specific neuropsychological deficits __________ _______ _________those associated with the presence of psychosis per se (Tsuang et al, 2000).

Back 9

Schizophrenia seems to involve specific neuropsychological deficits above and beyond those associated with the presence of psychosis per se (Tsuang et al, 2000).

Front 10

Traditionally, psychosis has been seen as a _________ _______ ___________ from normal mental functioning.

Back 10

Traditionally, psychosis has been seen as a QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT STATE from normal mental functioning. It is seen as a disorder or pathological in nature. This review relies on: - Symptom factors such as intrusiveness, frequency and co-morbidity. - Personal and social factors such as coping, illness behaviour, societal tolerance, resultant disability.

Front 11

Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia: Demographic: Good outcome and bad outcomes?

Back 11

Good outcome: Female Married
Poor outcome: Male Single

Front 12

Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia: Genetic: Good outcome and bad outcomes?

Back 12

Good outcome: Family history of mood disorder Bad outcome: Family history of schizophrenia

Front 13

Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia: Onset: Good outcome and bad outcomes?

Back 13

Good outcome: Good premorbid adjustment Acute onset Life event at onset Prompt treatment Poor outcome: Schizoid traits Slow onset Long duration of untreated psychosis Onset under 17 years old

Front 14

Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia: Symptoms: Good outcome and bad outcomes?

Back 14

Good outcome: Affective symptoms Poor outcome: Negative symptoms Obsessions Bizarre delusions Poor insight

Front 15

Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia: Psychosocial: Good outcome and bad outcomes?

Back 15

Good outcome: Good response to treatment Poor outcome: High expressed emotion Substance misuse Poor adherence to treatment

Front 16

Schizophrenia: The positive symptoms Define Hallucination:

Back 16

Sensory experiences in the absence of any stimulation from the environment e.g., audible thoughts/voices arguing/voices commenting.

Front 17

Schizophrenia: The positive symptoms Define Delusion:

Back 17

Holding a belief that the rest of society would generally disagree with or view as misinterpretations of reality.

Front 18

Schizophrenia: The positive symptoms Define bizarre behavior:

Back 18

The practice of unusual or uncharacteristic behaviors or rituals such as aggressiveness, or saving body products.

Front 19

Schizophrenia: The positive symptoms Define thought disorder:

Back 19

Problem with the form of thought. Includes such features as: incoherence, neologism (generation of non-words), loosening of association, clang associations, poverty of speech, perseveration and thought blocking.

Front 20

Schizophrenia: The negative symptoms Define flattening of affect:

Back 20

Virtually no stimulus can elicit an emotional response (blunting and apathy). These individuals may also show inappropriate affect where the response that they make is out of context with the usually accepted response.

Front 21

Schizophrenia: The negative symptoms Define alogia:

Back 21

Decease in the flow and spontaneity of speech

Front 22

Schizophrenia: The negative symptoms Define avolition:

Back 22

Decease in the ability to motivate oneself or get things started.

Front 23

Schizophrenia: The negative symptoms Define anhedonia:

Back 23

Inability to be able to feel pleasure in any activity

Front 24

Schizophrenia: The negative symptoms Define attention deficit:

Back 24

Inability to attend and track mental operations.

Front 25

What are Schneider's first rank (schizophrenia) symptoms. (6)

Back 25

1. Thought insertion, withdrawal, or broadcasting. 2. Passivity experiences 3. Delusional perception 4. Echo de la pensee 5. Running commentary 6. Third-person auditory hallucinations

Front 26

Schneider's first rank (schizophrenia) symptoms Thought insertion, withdrawal, or broadcasting =

Back 26

The experience of one's thoughts being put into or taken out of one's head, or broadcast to others. Collectively known as "thought interference".

Front 27

Schneider's first rank (schizophrenia) symptoms Passivity experiences =

Back 27

Experience that one's thoughts or actions are physically being controlled by an external force: "made actions"

Front 28

Schneider's first rank (schizophrenia) symptoms Delusional perception =

Back 28

A normal perception followed suddenly by a seemingly unrelated, fulled formed delusion (rare)

Front 29

Schneider's first rank (schizophrenia) symptoms Echo de la pensee =

Back 29

Hallucination of a voice repeating one's own thoughts

Front 30

Schneider's first rank (schizophrenia) symptoms Running commentary =

Back 30

Hallucination describing one's current actions

Front 31

Schneider's first rank (schizophrenia) symptoms Third-person auditory hallucinations =

Back 31

Voices describing patient as "he" or "she"

Front 32

The key events that led to the development of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. What happened in the 1950s?

Back 32

The anti schizophrenic effects of both chloropmazine and reserpine were observed to be related to parkinsonian side effects. The brains of recently deceased Parkinson's patients were found to have little dopamine

Front 33

The key events that led to the development of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. What happened in the 1960 and 1970s?

Back 33

It was hypothesized that schizophrenia is caused by excessive activity at dopaminergic synapses The dopamine-receptor binding of phenthiazines, but not butyrophenones, was found to be roughly correlated with their anti-schizophrenic potency. The binding of anti-schizophrenic drugs to D2 receptors was found to be highly correlated with their anti-schizophrenic potency

Front 34

The key events that led to the development of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Currently?

Back 34

The D2 receptor modification of dopamine theory is the dominant theory of schizophrenia: schizophrenia is thought to be produced by excessive activity at D2 receptors.

Front 35

The key events that led to the development of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Future?

Back 35

The recent discovery of D3 receptors is likely to lead to major revisions of the dopamine theory.

Front 36

Name the four dopamine pathways of the brain

Back 36

1. Nigrostriatal 2. Mesolimbic 3. Mesocortical 4. Tuberohypophyseal

Front 37

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (overactivity of one of the three dopamine transmitter systems in brain; antipsychotics work by inhibiting dopamine neurotransmission) is....

Back 37

over simplistic.

Front 38

Positive symptoms are due to increased activity in the ________________ ______ pathway.

Back 38

Positive symptoms are due to increased activity in the MESOLIMBIC DA pathway.

Front 39

Negative symptoms are due to decreased activity in the ______________ pathway.

Back 39

Negative symptoms are due to decreased activity in the MESOCORTICAL pathway.

Front 40

Patients with schizophrenia show impairments consistent with impairment in __________ __________ ___________.

Back 40

Patients with schizophrenia show impairments consistent with impairment in REWARD SYSTEM FUNCTION.

Front 41

Impairment in REWARD SYSTEM FUNCTION results in what three things?

Back 41

1. Anhedonia 2. Decreased motivation 3. Failure to use feedback to enhance goal directed behaviour

Front 42

What neurotransmitter may be involved in both negative and positive symptoms and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia?

Back 42

GLUTAMATE may be involved in both negative and positive symptoms and cognitive impairments

Front 43

_____________ and _________-________ changes are considered important in the cognitive changes.

Back 43

Cholinergic and GABA-ergic changes are considered important in the cognitive changes.

Front 44

Main arguments for the dopamine hypothesis? (5)

Back 44

1. Amphetamine induced psychosis produces a schizophrenia like illness. 2. Amphetamines exacerbate schizophrenia 3. Drugs that block dopamine receptors are antipsychotic in relationship to their blocking potential 4. Post-mortem and endocrine studies 5. Animal models of dopamine agonism resemble psychosis, and are reversed by dopamine blocking agents.

Front 45

Main arguments against the dopamine hypothesis? (3)

Back 45

1. time course between administration of a dopamine blocker and clinical response 2. Dopamine agonist have an inconsistent effect on psychosis 3. Direct evidence of decreased dopamine activity is poor.

Front 46

Two "types" of schizophrenia: Type II is characterized by: (8)

Back 46

1. Minimal genetic contribution 2. Negative symptoms 3. Abnormal EEG and atrophy on CT 4. Impaired cognition 5. Abnormal involuntary movements (soft neurological signs) 6. Structural brain changes 7. Decreased CCK 8. Poor response to medication

Front 47

Two "types" of schizophrenia: Type I is characterized by: (6)

Back 47

1. Big genetic contribution 2. Positive symptoms 3. Normal EEG and no atrophy on CT 4. Normal cognitive function 5. Good response to medications 6. Increased DA receptors

Front 48

Liddle's three syndrome model of schizophrenia. What characterizes the three syndromes?

Back 48

1. Hallucinations and delusions. 2. Negative symptoms 3. Behavioral disorganization

Front 49

Liddle's three syndrome model of schizophrenia. Four negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 49

1. Alogia 2. Affect flattening 3. Avolition 4. Anhedonia

Front 50

Liddle's three syndrome model of schizophrenia. Three behavioral disorganization symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 50

1. Positive formal thought disorder 2. Inappropriate affect 3. Bizarre behavior

Front 51

Liddle’s three syndromes: A psychomotor poverty syndrome is much like....

Back 51

A psychomotor poverty syndrome much like Andreasen’s negative symptoms,

Front 52

Liddle’s three syndromes: A disorganisation syndrome consisting of ..... (3)

Back 52

1. formal thought disorder 2. inappropriate affect 3. poverty of content of speech

Front 53

Liddle’s three syndromes: A reality distortion syndrome consisting of ..... (2)

Back 53

A reality distortion syndrome consisting of delusional and hallucinatory symptoms

Front 54

Imaging and EEG characteristics: On CT scans, schizophrenia patients show display abnormalities. Where?

Back 54

Ventricular dilatation.

Front 55

Greater ventricular dilatation is associated with....?

Back 55

poor social adjustment

Front 56

In schiophrenia imaging there is a progressive loss of _____ ________ over time.

Back 56

grey matter.

Front 57

What are the clinical features that have been associated with the ventricular enlargement?

Back 57

1. Early brain damage or birth complications 2. Poorer premorbid adjustment 3. More negative symptoms 4. Less positive symptoms 5. Cognitive decline 6. Poorer response to treatment 7. More minor neurological signs 8. Decreased CSF-HVA

Front 58

The clinical features that have been associated with the ventricular enlargement aren't directly attributable to institutionalization as..

Back 58

They occur in the young, and in twins

Front 59

It is now certain that schizophrenia involves structural changes to what three brain regions?

Back 59

1. The PFC 2. Corpus callosum 3. Ventricles.

Front 60

A recent study by Pantelis et al (2003) showed that ____________ ___ __ involves grey matter changes.

Back 60

A recent study by Pantelis et al (2003) showed that psychosis per se involves grey matter changes. - Baseline MRI scan of 75 people with prodromal signs of psychosis. - 23 developed frank psychosis at 1 year follow up, baseline scans were compared. - Rescanned 10 individuals with frank psychosis and compared re-scan with baseline.

Front 61

The prodrome: Prodromes may self-perceive subtle _____________ and ____________ aberrations predictive of later psychosis in schizophrenia.

Back 61

Prodromes may self-perceive subtle cognitive and perceptual aberrations predictive of later psychosis in schizophrenia.

Front 62

Hambrecht et al (2002) prodromes who subjectively experience cognitive deficits (perception, cognition, stress reactivity) may also be characterised by....

Back 62

objectively measurable disturbances.

Front 63

What impairments are common in the prodrome phase?

Back 63

1. Attention 2. Verbal/visual memory 3. Verbal fluency Although these were significantly less severe than patients who had already developed schizophrenia

Front 64

What are the areas of grey matter reduction in psychosis?

Back 64

Right temporal inferior frontal cortex cingulate left medial temporal left orbitofrontal cingulate cerebellum

Front 65

How big are the changes in brain structure in schizophrenia. Total ventricular volume?

Back 65

Increased by 20-30%

Front 66

How big are the changes in brain structure in schizophrenia. Total cranial and brain volume?

Back 66

Decreased 2 - 4 %

Front 67

How big are the changes in brain structure in schizophrenia. Heteromodal association cortex (prefrontal superior temporal, inferior parietal cortices)

Back 67

Decreased 5 - 10%

Front 68

How big are the changes in brain structure in schizophrenia. Medial temporal lobe (e.g., hippocampus)

Back 68

Decreased 4 - 10%

Front 69

How big are the changes in brain structure in schizophrenia. Thalamus

Back 69

Decreased 5 - 10%

Front 70

In schizophrenia, the cingulate is particularly

Back 70

asymmetric.

Front 71

____________ ____________ of the hippocampus in long-term schizophrenia is common

Back 71

Cellular Disarray of the hippocampus in long-term schizophrenia is common

Front 72

Atrophy of what brain structure is common in schizophrenia?

Back 72

Hippocampas

Front 73

To summarize… In short, both sides of the brain or their relationship to each other, ......

Back 73

In short, both sides of the brain or their relationship to each other, the cortex and the subcortex, the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes, and either overactivation or underactivation of a combination of these have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Front 74

A deficit in what cognitive domain has been consistent identified in patients with schizophrenia?

Back 74

Attention deficits have been consistently identified in patients with schizophrenia using a range of assessment techniques.

Front 75

Subgroups of patients with schizophrenia differ in their abilities in what cognitive domain?

Back 75

Attentional abilities.

Front 76

Non-paranoid and negative state patients with schizophrenia demonstrate deficits consistent with reduced ___________ and _____________.

Back 76

Non-paranoid and negative state patients with schizophrenia demonstrate deficits consistent with reduced AROUSAL and DISTRACTABILITY.

Front 77

Paranoid and positive state patients with schizophrenia may demonstrate performances better than normals in what cognitive domain?

Back 77

Attention

Front 78

There is evidence of lateralised deficits in the disengagement and redirection of _________ __________in schizophrenia.

Back 78

There is also evidence of lateralised deficits in the disengagement and redirection of VISUAL ATTENTION in schizophrenia.

Front 79

Models of normal cognitive functioning have led to the interpretation of the attentional deficits in schizophrenia in terms of ___________ distribution of attention with ____________ ___________capacity.

Back 79

Models of normal cognitive functioning have led to the interpretation of the attentional deficits in schizophrenia in terms of flexible distribution of attention with limited processing capacity.

Front 80

__________and _________ processing of affect has been shown to be consistently impaired in patients with schizophrenia, who are inaccurate in recognizing and labelling facial emotion.

Back 80

VISUAL and VERBAL processing of affect has been shown to be consistently impaired in patients with schizophrenia, who are inaccurate in recognizing and labeling facial emotion.

Front 81

Affect: Negative state patients with schizophrenia are also significantly impaired in conveying

Back 81

vocal affect. This deficit involves both encoding and decoding skills and does not appear to be related to psychosis alone, to generalised deficit or to an inability to experience the emotion.

Front 82

There is ______ __________for deficits in basic language functions in schizophrenia.

Back 82

There is little evidence for deficits in basic language functions in schizophrenia.

Front 83

In terms of language, there is evidence of impairments in what three things.

Back 83

1. semantic content 2. discourse 3. complex language All of which may be secondary to the cognitive deficits, particularly attentional and executive functions.

Front 84

Impairments in semantic content, discourse, and complex language may be secondary to impairments in (2).

Back 84

attentional and executive functions.

Front 85

What is poverty of speech?

Back 85

Monosyllabic answers.

Front 86

What is poverty of content of speech?

Back 86

Replies of adequate length supplying little information.

Front 87

What is tangentiality?

Back 87

Oblique or irrelevant replies.

Front 88

What is derailment?

Back 88

Lack of proper connections between phrases and ideas.

Front 89

What is incoherence?

Back 89

Unintelligible, lack of proper connection between words.

Front 90

What is illogicality?

Back 90

e.g. "parents can be anything, material, vegetable or mineral, that has taught you something".

Front 91

What is loss of goal?

Back 91

Failure to follow a chain of thought through to its natural conclusion.

Front 92

what is perseveration?

Back 92

Persistent repetition of words of ideas.

Front 93

What is self-reference?

Back 93

Repeatedly referring the subject under discussion back to the self. E.g., "what time is it?" "seven O'clock. That's my problem. I never know what time it is. Maybe I should try keep better track of the time.

Front 94

In terms of memory, there are consistent deficits in basic __________ and ____________ recall.

Back 94

There are very consistently reported deficits in basic verbal and visuospatial recall.

Front 95

Memory impairment is particularly pronounced in

Back 95

Severely disturbed patients.

Front 96

Memory impairments in schizophrenia are similar to

Back 96

retrograde amnesia suggesting bilateral hippocampal involvement.

Front 97

In mildly disturbed patients and bipolar affective disorders the deficits in memory are associated with _________________ ____________ that affect encoding, secondary probably to attentional and organisational functions.

Back 97

In mildly disturbed patients and bipolar affective disorders the deficits in memory are associated with ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS that affect encoding secondary probably to attentional and organisational functions.

Front 98

The data on visuospatial impairment has been inconsistent, and it seems likely that in tasks which load on __________ ____________ are more likely to reveal impairment. What tests might be useful?

Back 98

The data ion visuospatial impairment has been inconsistent, and it seems likely that in tasks which load on frontal functions (eg block design) deficits are more likely to be observed. Blocks and Rey figure.

Front 99

Patients with schizophrenia have consistently impaired ______________ _____________.

Back 99

Patients with schizophrenia have consistently impaired executive functions

Front 100

The EF impairment in schizophrenia is consistent with a dysfunction of a large network mediating (2)

Back 100

These results are consistent with a dysfunction of a large network mediating AROUSAL and ATTENTION. This system could be disrupted either by frontal cortical pathology associated with dorso-lateral or orbital lesions or by dysfunction of the cortical/subcortical system mediating arousal.

Front 101

What are the neurocognitive deficits associated with the first episode of schizophrenia (6)

Back 101

1. Attention/vigilance 2. Executive function 3. Fine motor function 4. Processing speed 5. Spatial working memory 6. Verbal learning and memory NB: Impulsivity also an issue

Front 102

Symptom: Negative symptoms/psychomotor poverty Brain region involved? Activity change (vs normal)

Back 102

- Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (decrease) - Inferior parietal cortex (decrease) Both decrease.

Front 103

Symptom: Auditory hallucinations Brain region involved? Activity change (vs normal)

Back 103

Broca's area (increase) Superior temporal gyrus (fails to decrease)

Front 104

Symptom: Total positive symptoms Brain region involved? Activity change (vs normal)

Back 104

Hippocampal region (increase)

Front 105

Symptom: Formal thought disorder Brain region involved? Activity change (vs normal)

Back 105

Anterior cingulate (increase) Superior temporal gyrus (left) (decrease)

Front 106

Symptom: Persecutory delusions Brain region involved? Activity change (vs normal)

Back 106

Amygdala (increase)

Front 107

Symptom: Passivity experiences Brain region involved? Activity change (vs normal)

Back 107

Cingulate gyrus (increase) Right parietal lobule (increase)

Front 108

Cognitive deficit in: Working memory Failure of normal activation in? (2)

Back 108

Left inferior prefrontal cortex Medial temporal cortex

Front 109

Cognitive deficit in: Verbal fluency Failure of normal activation in?

Back 109

Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Failure to deactivate superior temporal cortex

Front 110

Cognitive deficit in: Error monitoring Failure of normal activation in?

Back 110

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Front 111

Cognitive deficit in: Facial emotion recognition Failure of normal activation in?

Back 111

Amygdala

Front 112

Cognitive deficit in: Olfaction Failure of normal activation in?

Back 112

Insula Parahippocampal gyrus

Front 113

Cognitive deficit in: Inhibition of reflex eye saccades Failure of normal activation in?

Back 113

Striatum

Front 114

AH hallucination model. Label

Back 114

Outline of a model for auditory hallucinations (AH) as perceptual mis-representations, parietal lobe attention enhancement and failure of prefrontal executive suppression control. The model emphasizes the involvement of the middle and superior temporal gyri (1) for the generation of AH, prefrontal cortex (2) for top–down executive control, and parietal cortex (3) for attention focus.

Front 115

The integrated dopamine hypothesis of schizoprenia. High dopamine Positive symptoms Which pathway?

Back 115

Front 116

The integrated dopamine hypothesis of schizoprenia. Low dopamine Cognitive symptoms Negative symptoms

Back 116

Front 117

The integrated dopamine hypothesis of schizoprenia. Low dopamine Affective symptoms Negative symptoms

Back 117

Front 118

The integrated dopamine hypothesis of schizoprenia. Nigrostriatal and tubero-infundibular pathyway =

Back 118

NORMAL

Front 119

Dopamine output - After Pure D2 antagonist

Back 119

Front 120

In terms of schizophrenia, how much later is onset for women as compared to men.

Back 120

5 years. Reason uncertain

Front 121

Positive symptoms are due to increased activity in which pathway?

Back 121

Mesolimbic DA pathway

Front 122

Negative symptoms are due to decreased activity where?

Back 122

Mesocortical pathway

Front 123

What neurotransmitter might be associated with both positive and negative symptoms of schiz?

Back 123

Glutamate

Front 124

The only evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

Back 124

Correlation between anti-psychotic potential and affinity for blocking dopamine receptors,

Front 125

What happens if you block dopamine at the nigrostriatal pathway?

Back 125

movement disorder

Front 126

Weinburger found there is a loss of what two things in schizophrenia (discordant twin study)

Back 126

1. Loss of total volume 2. Loss of gray matter

Front 127

Where does the loss of gray matter occur in schizophrenia?

Back 127

Fronto-parietal regions

Front 128

It is now certain that schizophrenia involves structural changes to the (3)!

Back 128

1. PFC 2. coprus callosum 3. and ventricles

Front 129

Pantelis 2003. Main finding

Back 129

Gray matter reduction in psychosis. Temporal, frontal, cingulate, orbitofrontal, cerebellum.

Front 130

What is asymmetric in the schizophrenia?

Back 130

ACC

Front 131

Generally speaking, there have been two pathological processes implicated in schizophrenia. Where are they?

Back 131

Deficits in the frontal and temporal love

Front 132

TLE causes a higher tendency for what?

Back 132

Positive symptoms

Front 133

What observations have been made in the pyramidal cells in the temporal lobe?

Back 133

Disorientation of the the pyramidal cells.

Front 134

Cerebral blood flow and PET indicate what in the DLPFC during the WCST?

Back 134

Hypometabolism

Front 135

In short, both sides of the brain or their relationship to each other, the cortex and the subcortex, the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes and either underactivation or overactivation or a combination of these have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Back 135

In short, both sides of the brain or their relationship to each other, the cortex and the subcortex, the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes and either underactivation or overactivation or a combination of these have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Front 136

Deficits in attention in schizophrenia are attributable to ...

Back 136

negative symmptoms

Front 137

There is also evidence of lateralized deficits in the the ____________ and ____________ of visual attention.

Back 137

There is also evidence of lateralized deficits in the the disengagement and and redirection of visual attention.

Front 138

DSM-V criteria (5)

Back 138

Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganised speech (i.e. frequent derailment or  incoherence) 4. Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour 5. Negative symptoms (i.e. diminished emotional  expression or avolition)

 

Front 139

Hafner (1992) has reviewed the literature on  prevalence and noted that the rates vary  considerably as a consequence of ___________ _______________techniques

Back 139

Hafner (1992) has reviewed the literature on  prevalence and noted that the rates vary  considerably as a consequence of differential  diagnostic techniques

Front 140

NRG1

Back 140

Encodes for proteins with a range of synatogenesis myleination.

Front 141

DTNBP1

Back 141

Presynaptic glutamate funciton

Front 142

DISC1

Back 142

Neuronal migration and intracellular transport

Front 143

G30/DAO G72DAOA 

Back 143

DAO activates NMDA glutamate receptor

Front 144

COMT

Back 144

Reduced frotnal task

Front 145

What percentage of patients withc schiz have very severe impairment?

Back 145

near 50%

Front 146

Agressive symptoms: (2)

Positive symptoms: (1)

Negative symptoms: (2)

Cognitive symptoms: (1)

Affective symptoms: (1)

Back 146

Agression = orbitofrontal cortex + amygdal

 

Positive symptoms = mesolimbic

 

Negative symptoms = mesocortical PFC + nucleus ambubens reward circuits

 

Cognitive symptoms = dorsolateral PFC

 

Affective symptoms = ventromedial PFC