Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
First line of defense
|
any barrier that blocks invasion from portal of entry (innate response)
|
|
|
Second line of defense
|
internalized system of protective cells and fluids that includes inflammation and phagocytosis (innate)
|
|
|
Third line of defense
|
acquired as each foreign substance is encountered by WBCs called lymphocytes (adaptive)
|
|
|
Lysozyme
|
enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria
|
|
|
Immunology
|
studies all features of the 2nd and 3rd line of defense
|
|
|
4 body compartments that participate in immune functioning
|
1. RES (reticuloendothelial)
2. Extracellular fluid (ECF) 3. Bloodstream 4. Lymphatic system |
|
|
T cells mature in the...
|
thymus
|
|
|
B cells mature in the...
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
What direction does lymph flow?
|
Towards the heart
|
|
|
GALT
|
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (appendix, lacteals, Peyer's patches)...provides immune functions against intestinal pathogens and significant source of some types of pathogens
|
|
|
MALT
|
mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
SALT
|
skin-associated lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
BALT
|
broncial-associated lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
Serum
|
essentially the same as plasma; clear fluid from CLOTTED blood
|
|
|
Differentiate
|
immature or unspecialized cells develop the specialized form and function of mature cells
|
|
|
Granulocytes
|
BEN...Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils...lobed nucleus
|
|
|
Agranulocytes
|
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
...unlobed, rounded nucleus |
|
|
Neutrophils
|
Most abundant, main function: production of toxic chemicals and in phagoctosis at the early stages of a response, lives only about 8 days, spends most of its time in the tissues
|
|
|
Eosinophils
|
Allergies and parasites! One of the first cells to accumulate at sites of inflammation and allergic reactions...call leukocytes
|
|
|
Basophils
|
Scarcest type of WBC, similar to MAST CELLS, motile and derived from bone marrow, inflammation, directly responsible for release of histamine during immediate allergies
|
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
2nd most common, 2 types (B cells, T cells),
|
|
|
Contribution of B cells...
|
antibody-mediated (form plasma cells which form antibodies when activated)
|
|
|
Contribution of T cells...
|
cell-mediated immunity (modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells)
|
|
|
Monocytes
|
Largest of all WBCs and 3rd most common, live as phagocytes for the first few days of life, then differentiate into macrophages
|
|
|
Macrophages
|
Most versatile and most important! Functions
1. "mopping up the messes" 2. Process foreign molecules and Present them to lymphocytes 3. Secrete biologically active compounds taht assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions |
|
|
Dendritic cells (monocyte cell line)
|
move from blood to RES and lymphatic tissues where they trap pathogens....they can then present the pathogens
|
|
|
Macrophages
|
Most versatile and most important! Functions
1. "mopping up the messes" 2. Process foreign molecules and Present them to lymphocytes 3. Secrete biologically active compounds taht assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions |
|
|
Rubor
|
redness
|
|
|
Calor
|
warmth
|
|
|
tumor
|
swelling
|
|
|
Dolor
|
pain
|
|
|
Effects of inflammation
|
rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, loss of function
|
|
|
Vasoactive
|
affects the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of BVs
|
|
|
Diapedesis
|
process by which WBCs leave BVs and enter the tissue...migrate by adhering to walls of smaller vessels
|
|
|
Chemotaxis
|
tendency of cells to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus given off at a site of injury or infection
|
|
|
Pyogenic
|
pus forming
|
|
|
Macrophages (function)
|
clearance of pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, damaged tissue
***these are the only cells that can engulf and dispose of such large masses*** |
|
|
General activities of phagocytes
|
1. to SURVEY tissue compartments and discover stuff
2. to INGEST and ELIMINATE this stuff 3. to EXTRACT immunogenic information (antigens) from foreign matter |
|
|
3 types of phagocytes
|
Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils
|
|
|
Events of phagocytosis
|
chemotaxis, ingestion, phagolysosome formation, destruction and excretion
|
|
|
PRRs
|
Pattern recognition receptors...recognize and ind to PAMPs
|
|
|
PAMPs
|
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns...serve as "red flags"...e.g. (peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA)
|
|
|
FUO
|
fevers of unknown origin
|
|
|
Toll receptors (category of PRRs)
|
recognize PAMPs, but upon binding, set in motion a cascade of events inside the host cell taht amplifies and orchestrates the defensive response, including initiating the specific immune response
|
|
|
Phagolysosome
|
Lysosomes fuse together with a phagosome
|
|
|
General activities of phagocytes
|
1. to SURVEY tissue compartments and discover stuff
2. to INGEST and ELIMINATE this stuff 3. to EXTRACT immunogenic information (antigens) from foreign matter |
|
|
3 types of phagocytes
|
Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils
|
|
|
Events of phagocytosis
|
chemotaxis, ingestion, phagolysosome formation, destruction and excretion
|
|
|
Interferon (IFN)
|
small proteinn produced naturally by certain WB and tissue cells that is used in therapy against certain viral infections and cancer
|
|
|
4 stages of complement cascade
|
Initiation, amplification and cascade, polymerization, membrane attack
|
|
|
4 stages of complement cascade
|
Initiation, amplification and cascade, polymerization, membrane attack
|
|
|
Immunocompetence
|
the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances
|
|
|
Antigens (also referred to as)
|
immunogens
|
|
|
Two characters that most characterize the third line of defense
|
specificity and memory
|
|
|
Stages in immunologic development...
|
1. lymphocyte development and differentiation
2. presentation of antigens 3. challenge of B and T lymphocytes by antigens 4. B lymphocyte response 5. T lymphocyte response |
|
|
Tissue macrophages...
|
ingest pathogen and induce an inflammatory response
|
|
|
Tissue dendritic cells...
|
ingest antigen and migrate to nearest lymphoid organ (usually lymph nodes)
|
|
|
Antigen-presenting cells
|
Macrophages and dendritic cells
|
|
|
3 main types of T cells
|
1. Helper T cells
2. Regulatory T cells 3. Cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Helper T cells
|
activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and hlep activate cytotoxic T cells
|
|
|
Regulatory T cells
|
control the T-cell response
|
|
|
Cytotoxic T cells
|
Lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other "foreign" cells
|
|
|
Functions of immune system markers
|
1. attachement to nonself or foreign antigens
2. binding to cell surface receptors that indicate self; such as MHC molecules 3. receiving and transmitting chemical messages to coordinate the response 4. aiding in cellular development |
|
|
MHC
|
major histocompatibility complex...codes for human cell receptors[
|
|
|
Class I of MHC proteins
|
code for markers that appear on all nucleated cells...each human inherits a particular combo of this class...allow for recognition of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions
|
|
|
Class II of MHC proteins
|
code for immune regulatory markers...markers are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells...involved in presenting antigens to T cells during cooperative immune reactions
|
|
|
Class III of MHC proteins
|
encode proteins involved with the complement system among others
|
|
|
B cells have receptors that...
|
bind antigens
|
|
|
T cells have receptors that...
|
bind antigens THAT HAVE BEEN PROCESSED AND COMPLEXED WITH MHC MOLECULES ON PRESENTING CELL SURFACE
|
|
|
Each T cell and B cell that has received "instructions" as to which antigen is supposed to bind to goes on to reproduce making_____ of itself
|
clones
|
|
|
Clones cannot be made unless...
|
requires stimulation by an antigen
|
|
|
Primary signal that a molecule is foreign (portion of the molecule)
|
epitope
|
|
|
Small foreign molecules that consist only of a determinant group and are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response
|
haptens
|
|
|
How can haptens develop antigenicity?
|
by combining with large carrier molecules
|
|
|
Presence in an infection activates T cells at a rate 100 times greater than ordinary antigens...result can be an overwhelming release of cytokines and cell death
|
Superantigens
|
|
|
Opsonization
|
a process in which MOs or other particles are coated with specific antibodies so that they will be more readily recognized by phagocytes
|
|
|
Agglutination...
|
renders microbes immobile and enhances their phagocytosis
|
|
|
IgG
|
monomer (2 binding sites), only one to cross placenta, long term immunity, memory antibodies, neutralizes toxins
|
|
|
IgA
|
dimer or monomer (4 or 2 binding sites), secretory antibody (can travel outside body)
|
|
|
IgM
|
Pentamer (10 binding sites), produced at first response to an antigen, can serve as B-cell receptor
|
|
|
IgD
|
Monomer (2 binding sites)
|
|
|
IgE
|
Monomer (2 binding sites), antibody of allergy, worm infections
|
|
|
Primary response
|
first exposure to an antigen
|
|
|
Secondary response
|
stronger response!! aka anamnestic response
|
|
|
Active immunity
|
individual receives an immune stimulus that activates the B and T cells, causing the body to produce immune substances such as antibodies
|
|
|
Passive immunity
|
individual receives immune substances (antibodies) that were produced actively in the body of another human or animal donor (can be natural or passive)
|
|
|
Natural Immunity
|
encompasses any immunity that is acquired during the normal biological experiences of an individual rather than through medical intervention
|
|
|
Artificial immunity
|
protection from infection obtained through medical procedures ... e.g. vaccines
|
|
|
Natural Active
|
"getting the infection"...provides nearly lifelong immunity
|
|
|
Natural Passive
|
"mother to child"
|
|
|
Artificial Active
|
"vaccination"
|
|
|
Artificial Passive
|
"immunotherapy"
|
|
|
Hypersensitivities
|
pathologic immune responses to otherwise harmless foreign antigens
|
|
|
autoimmunity
|
pathologic immune responses to self proteins/cells/tissues
|
|
|
immunodefiency
|
disease susceptibility due to lack of appropriate immune defense
|
|
|
Type I
|
Immediate
|
|
|
Type II
|
Antibody-mediated
|
|
|
Type III
|
Immune complex
|
|
|
Type IV
|
delayed type/T-cell mediated
|
|
|
Type I (characteristics)
|
typical allergy, ranging from hayfever to anaphylaxis
|
|
|
Atopy
|
an INHERITED pre-disposition to allergy
factors: elevated IgE levels, mast cell reactivity, tissue-mediator sensitivity |
|
|
Sensitization
|
initial exposure to the allergan resulting in production of specific IgE antibodies
|
|
|
Provocation
|
entry of allergan into the body and binding onto IgE antibody
|
|
|
Nature of allergens
|
entry usually via respiratory or digestive tracts or skin, may consist of only one or few components of a complex protein, can come from a variety of sources with few if any common attributes
|
|
|
cellular mediators of type I effects are
|
mast cells and basophils
|
|
|
Activation of IgE releases...
|
histamine, heparin, serotonin, bradykinin
|
|
|
type II hypersensitivities characteristics
|
antibody mediated, result in direct destruction of antibody bound cell, complement mechanisms, participates in some autoimmune states and hemolytic anemias
|
|
|
type III characteristics
|
immune complex diseases mediated by high titer IgG and complement, response to large amounts of soluble antigen, pathologies dependent upon location of immune complexes, LOCALIZED INFLAMMATION, SELF-LIMITING WITHOUT REPEATED EXPOSURE
|
|
|
Arthus reaction
|
deposition of immune complexes in skin, peaks 6-8 hrs after injection, localized tissue destruction
|
