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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social identity is:
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c) Way that individuals define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or groups they choose not to be a part of
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Which of the "founding fathers" of sociology put forth the idea that sociologists should examine social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in the behavior?
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Max Weber
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Paradoxically, using our sociological imagination helps us:
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Make the familiar strange
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A social institution can be described as:
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A group of social positions, connected by social relations, that perform a social role
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According to Karl Marx, throughout history social change has been sparked by:
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Class conflict
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The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of
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The environment in shaping people's behavior and personalities
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Which of the following describes a difference between sociology and psychology?
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Sociology focuses on social structures and group interactions, while psychology focuses on the urges, instincts, and mind of the individual
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The examination of everyday human social interactions on a small scale describes
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Microsociology
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Which of the following is NOT a definition of the term 'culture?'
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The Natural environment
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Ideology can be described as
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A system of concepts and relationships that guides an individual or large group
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Which of the following is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?
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You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-favored cereal and milk for breakfast
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A/An _____ can be defined as a group that shares distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society
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Subculture
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Sociologically speaking, values can be defined as
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Moral beliefs
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____ can be defined as a process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary "consent" of the masses
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Hegemony
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The use of stereotypes allows people to
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Ignore complex, underlying issues that are difficult to talk about
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In the US, media ownership is
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Centralized in the hands of a few big companies
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Which of the following is an example of non-material culture?
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Spirituality
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Socialization is the process by which people
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Internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society
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What invention can be said to have led to the first truly mass medium?
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The Printing Press
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Audience studies explore
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How people read and interpret information from various media
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The nature vs. nurture debate examines the importance of ____ in shaping human behavior
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Biology, on the one hand, and social interaction, on the other
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In social development theory, the "self" can be defined as
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The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person
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Which of the following is an example of recognizing the "generalized other?"
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A child is taught to hold the door for her parents or siblings when they are carrying something into the house. While at the mall she holds the door for a stranger who is carrying several bads
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Which of the following is an example of a total institution?
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A Convent
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Re-socialization would be most likely to occur in which of the following situations?
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A man makes a career change from being an accountant with a large auditing company to being a graphic designer in a small ad agency
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An ascribed status is
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A status into which one is born
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Which of the following theories argues that people's choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions?
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Symbolic interactionism
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According to the dramaturgical theory, the primary goal of every social interaction is
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To make a good impression
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According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what is the single most important factor in predicting the behavior of members of a social group?
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The number of people in the group
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One of the most unique characteristics of a dyad is that
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If one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist
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A group with five members has the potential for how many relationships?
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10
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According to the sociologist Georg Simmel's categories, what is the key difference between a small group and a party?
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A small group is unifocal, wheras a party is multifocal
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A secondary group is characterized by
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Voluntary membership in the group
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Which of the following is an example of a primary group?
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A family in which the parents live in California, one son lives in Colorado, and two daughters live in Florida
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The Asch Test provides insight into what concept?
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Group conformity
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A/An ____ is a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to the other group
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Reference Group
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In the context of social networks, a tie is
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A set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network
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A structural hole is
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A gap between two people or two groups that have complementary resources and could benefit from having a closer connection
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____ is/are the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power in them
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Social capital
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What social trend, related to social capital, did Robert Putnam focus on in his book Bowling Alone?
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People are less involved in communal activities and organizations
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Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?
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Telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn't like the main dish
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Definitions of deviant behavior tend to
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Change over time and very from one context to another
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Organic solidarity can be defined as
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Social cohesion based on the differences and the interdependence of specialized parts of society
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What is the irony of the relationship between deviance and society?
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Deviance helps hold societies together by uniting people in opposition to behavior that is deemed unacceptable
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Which of the following is an example of rehabilitative justice?
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Entering a work training program after being released from prison
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Informal social sanctions are
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Understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed
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According to Emile Durkeim's theory of suicide, what two factors have the most impact on suicide rates?
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Social integration and social regulation
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Anomie can be defined as a sense of aimlessness or despair that develops when an individual
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Experiences a loss of order and normalcy from too little social regulation
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Robert Merton's strain theory argues that deviance occurs when
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A society holds out the same goals to all its members but does not give them equal ability to achieve these goals
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According to strain theory, a ritualist is a person who
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Rejects socially defined goals but not the socially acceptable means to achieve them
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Which of the following is an exapmle of a stigma in U.S. society?
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Having a speech impediment
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Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?
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Economic opportunities and crime rates
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____ refers to crimes committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business
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White-collar crime
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What is one explanation for why it can by difficult to accurately measure changes in crime rates?
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Definitions of crimes change over time
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Recidivism occurs when
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A person who has been in the criminal justice system relapses into criminal behavior
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The goal of correctional centers and mental health institutions to help inmates or patients learn to be productive members of society may be at odds with
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The way life in a total institution can strip away a person's self-identity and leave him or her feeling lost and vulnerable
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Since the 1970's, incarcerations rates in the US have
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Risen dramatically
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One of the effects of mass incarceration in the US has been
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The disenfranchisement of millions of former felons
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Secondary deviance refers to
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Subsequent violations of societal rules that occur after primary deviance and as a result of being labeled "deviant
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In "Discipline and Punish," the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system
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Represents a transformation in social control
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