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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which came first the Roman Republic or the Roman Empire?
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Roman Republic then Roman Empire
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What type of governement was the Roman Republic
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limited democracy
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What type of government was the Roman Empire
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Monarchy - rule by the Caesars
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When were Cenozoic events? before or after ice age?
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Cenozoic events were before the ice age
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What was the continent like during the Eocene?
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Australia was near Antartica
The sea levels were different it was the finishing touches of today's world |
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Colorado Plateau had what period of orogenies?
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Mesozoic
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The Basin and Range Providence consisted of what types of faults or stresses?
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Compressional stresses
Tensional Stresses Normal Faulting associated with tensional stresses |
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During which period did the Compressional Stresses occur in the Basin and Range?
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Triassic-Miocene
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During which period did the Tensional stresses occur in the Basin and Range?
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Miocene-present day
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During which period did the normal faulting associated with the tensional stresses occur during the Basin and Range?
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It began in the Miocene
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The Sierra Nevada Mountains were the result of what tectonics?
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West Coast Tectonics, volcanism
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In the Northwest United States what was majorly occuring?
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the ocean crust subducted which was warm and light
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What was the density similar to in the Northwest United States during the Cenozoic?
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Similar to continent to continent
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What was building the Andes similar to?
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the Andes is similar to the Cordillera orogenies
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How is the Andes different from the one it is often compared to?
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It is similar to the Cordillera orogenies. However the subducting crust is older and denser
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Was there an orogeny in Africa?
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the East African Rift Valley
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What was going on in Antartica during the Cenozoic?
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Circumpolar circulation by the Miocene
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What were the Cordillera?
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It was an event that occurred prior to the Ice Age. The structures of the Rocky Mountains formed by Cordillera orogenies mainly?
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Who was effected by the Cenozoic Ice Age?
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Greenland, Laurentide, Scandanian, Sibera, Anarctica
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When did grasses appear?
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Cretaceous
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When was the spread of grasslands?
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Miocene
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Phytoliths did what?
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This is how grasslands adapted and they were secretions of silica by grasses
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Causes of Glaciation
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There were variations in the Earth's orbit in addition to Milankovitch Cycles
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What were the Milankovitch cycles?
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They were forcing cycles that effected the shape of the Earth's orbit, the Angle of the Earth's axis changes, and the Earth's axis also wobbles
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What is another name for Shape?
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Eccentriciity
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What is another name for the Earth's axis?
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Obliquity
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When the Earth's axis wobbles it is referred to as...
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precession
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We have been in a state of ________ from the Early Creataceous until today.
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Cooling
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Which Cenozoic intvertebrates were the most abundant adn most commonly used as index fossils?
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Formanifera
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What were Atolls?
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Cenozoic invertebrates that were coral reefs around a former volcanic island
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Were the Molluses of the Cenozoic similar or different to modern fauna?
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Molluses of the Cenozoic are similar to the ones present today
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What were some Cenozoic Invertebrates?
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Zooplankton, Formainfera, Atolls, Molluses, Arthropoda
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What types of Cenozoic vertebrates were prevalent?
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"fish", Reptilia, Aves, and early Mammalia
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What types of fish emerged during the Cenozoic?
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bondy fish and cartiliginous fish
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Modern forms of which fish appeared during the Cenozoic?
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Bony
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This type of fish became abundant in the Cenozoic
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Cartilaginous
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How have the Cenozoic Reptiles changed?
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They have not changed much since the past
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What types of Reptiles were prevelant in the Cenozoic?
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Lizards, turtles, snakes
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When did snakes become abundant?
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The Miocene
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What happened to snakes during the Cenozic?
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snakes lost their legs during the Cenozoic
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How did some Cenozoic Aves adapt to the changing conditions?
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Some birds had loss of flight, some had reduced wings and enhanced hind limbs
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The enhanced hind limbs of the Cenozoic Aves were for what purpose?
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Speed,power, and swimming
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What are the three primary characteristics of a Mammal?
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1 bone in lower jaw
2 sets of teeth 3 bones in ear |
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Monotremata
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Mammals that appear in the Creataceous with teeth
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The last Tasmanian Wolf is an example of a...
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Marsupilia
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What is Convergent Evolution?
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Niche filled by animals with similar morpholigcal characters
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What happened during the Great American Biotic Interchange?
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Eutherians (placental mammals)crashed the Marsupila South American Party. The placental's crossed the new land bridge and out-competed the Marsupilias.
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What are some examples of Eutheria and what did they do in the Cenozic?
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The Eutheria (placental mammals) diversified into groups in the Cenozoic. Examples include: insectivores, edentates, rodents, rabbits, carnivores, ungulates
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Ungulate examples -
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horses, cow - terrestrial
whale -marine |
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What is Alabama's state fossil?
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The Whale - which is a Cenozoic Marine ungulate
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During the Great AMerican Biotic Exchange what animals moved North?
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Edentates, Marsupials, Porcupines
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Examples of Edentates?
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sloths, glyptodons, armadillos
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During the GABE which animals moved south?
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Dogs, cats, bears, Mammoth, mastodon, rabbits, rodents, horses, deer, camel,
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What was the problem with the GABE animals that moved south?
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The South already had similar animals that occupied the same ecological niche.
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What types of organisms died in teh Pleistocene in North America?
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17 ka- 8 ka : Most large mammals in North America go extinct - There was essentially no change in marine/aquatic organisms, plants, birds, reptiles, or small mammals
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Was there any death in Europe, Asia, or Africa?
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No major extinctions
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What are the possible causes of the death and dying that occurred during the Pleistocene?
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Humans, environmental changes, Diseases
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Two major types of evolution?
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1. origin Myths/Cosmologies - i.e Genesis and Greek/Prometheus
2. Darwin and Wallace |
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What is Darwin and Wallace's belief on evolution?
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Evolution theory holds that existing species of plants adn animals have emerged over millions of years from simple organisms
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Who was Darwin influenced by and what is his major work?
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Darwin was influenced by the theory of uniformitarianism. His famous work is "Origin of the Species"
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What is Darwin's Principle of Natural Selection?
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The Principle of Natural Selection is the gradual process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
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What must occur in a population for Natural Selection to work?
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For Natural Selection to work in a given population there must be a variety within that population and competetion for strategic resources
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What does the concept of Natural Selection argue?
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The concept of Natural selection argues that organisms which have a better fit within their environmental niche will reproduce more frequently than the organisms that do not fit as well.
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Random Genetic Drift?
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The loss of alleles (alternate forms of genes)from a popluations gene pool through chance
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What does Mutation do to a breeding population?
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Mutatation introduces a genetic variation into a breeding population
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How does gene flow occur?
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Through interbreeding
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Interbreeding
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The transmission of genetic material from one population to another
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Gene flow decreases...
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differentation and speciation
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speciation
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the formation of a new species
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Mendal's Principle of Inheritance
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The science of genetics that explians the origins of variety
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Which other origin belief accounts for the biological diversity by referring to the divine act of Creation as decribed in Genesis
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Creationism
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Which origin belief states that modern physics and cosmology have uncovered evidence for intelligence in the structure of this universe and this intelligence seems to act
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Intelligent Desisn
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Early Primates in order
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Prosimians
Monkey Apes homids |
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Characteristics of Primates
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opposable thumbs (grasping hand)
bionocular vision |
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What habit allowed forearms adn hindlimbs to diverge -
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When they swung from branches...or brachiating -
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What is one reason that we bipedalism evolution occured?
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Tool use or habitat variability
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Major advances in Hominod Evolution?
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Brain size, hunting, fire, tools, clothes, built shelters
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