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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?
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To warm, clean, humidify + moisten, make sounds.
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Functions of the nasal conchae? (con-chay)
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Turbinates (spin air in circles).
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Functions mucosa?
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Traps dirt and debre. Has a lot of water to moisten air.
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Functions of the pharynx?
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Digestive and respiratory.
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Functions of the hard and soft palate?
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(Hard) Mechanical-form food into ball. (Soft) Directional-downward, sensory structure.
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Function of the larynx?
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Produce sounds; speech.
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What is surfactant?
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Lipid rich material produced by type 2 cells in lungs. Prevents collapsing of alveoli.
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How many cartilages make up th larynx?
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9.
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Cartilages in larynx.
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3 large cartilages-epiglottic cartilage,thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage.
3 small cartilages(in pairs)- (2)Arytenoid cartilage, (2)Corniculate cartilage,(2)Cuneiform cartilage. |
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What is an extrinsic ligament?
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Stablizes larynx.
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What are intrinsic ligaments?
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Hold the cartilages together. (tent with rods.)
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What and where are the vocal folds?
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Vocal cords, below ventricular folds.
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What and where is the glottis?
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Opening, in top(superior) portion of larynx.
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Differentiate between articulation, phonation, and speech.
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Shaping words, make noise + sounds, combination of both + amplification.
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What regulates the tension in the vocal cords?
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Tension in the intrinsic muslces of the larynx.
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What is the trachea and which anatomical structures does it connect?
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Windpipe.C shaped cartilage rings. Connects larynx with primary bronchii.
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To which part(s) of the lungs do the secondary bronchi deliver air?
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Lobar bronchii-lobes of lung.
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What are the pulmonary fissure?
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Seperators that divides lungs into lobes.
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What are septae?
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Invagination of vesicleral pleura that divide lung up into lobules.
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Respiratory membrane?
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The barrier between the aveolar air and blood.
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What bare the alveoli?
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Make up respiratory portion of the lungs. Only place that exchanges gases.
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What is Boyle's Law?
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P=I/V (inversly, or indirectly related to volume.)
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Henry's Law
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Gas in solution is proportional to the partial pressure.
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Dalton's Law
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Pa+Pb+Pc+Pd=total pressure of some parts.
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Hering-Breuer Reflexes
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Inhalation/Deflation reflex.
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What causes air to move into the lungs?
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Change in volume (Boyle Law)
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In arterial blood, what is a normal value for pCO2 and pO2?
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40,100.
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In venous blood what is a normal pCO2 and pO2?
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45,40.
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Recognize the names of inspiratory and expiratory muscles? How do they work?
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25% Intercoastals-external (inhale)
-interal (exhale) 75% Diaphragm. |
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What is pulmonary ventilation and what is its function?
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VE=f x Vt-----> Respiratory Minute Volume.
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What is alveolar ventilation and what is its function?
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VA=f x (VT-VO [150ml])
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How is oxygen transported by the blood?
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Oxyhemoglobin-contains iron
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What is the most important chemical regular of respiration?
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CO2
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What effects would a small (10-15%) increase in the level of blood Co2 have?
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Respiratory rate doubles. Fast breathing..
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What is the rete (net) testis? How are they formed?
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Mesh work of tubing in testicle. Bunch of straight tubes come together to form mesh between efferent ducts.
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What do testicular septae do?
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Divide testicle into lobules. Made from tunica albuginea.
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Spermatic cords
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attaches testicules. vesicles, nerves, lymphatics, vas deferons.
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Tunlea albuginea
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white appearing (hard boiled egg) connective tissue cover.
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Sustentacular cells
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Support cells, keep spermatizoa alive. Blood testicle barrier.
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Seminiferous tubules
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800 in each testis. 31 inches long (1/2 mile)
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Spermatagonia
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Sperm stem cells.
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Spermatozoons (spermatizoa)
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Mature sperm cell.
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Order of structures which sperm pass thru from testes to the penis.
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Seminerferous tube--straight tubule--rete testes--efferent ducts(exit)--head of epididymis--body of epididymis--tail of epididymis--vas deferens--ejaculatory duct--urethra--then out.
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What is the process of spermiogenesis?
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Spermatid--Spermatizoa
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What is the process of Spermatogenesis?
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Spermatigonia--Spermatocytes (1 degree),--Spermatocytes (2 degree),--Spermatid--Spermatozoa.
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Spermiation
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Spermatizoa break free of sustentecular cell.
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What glands are associated with the male rep. system and what are their functions?
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(2) Seminal Vesicle-produce 60% semen, prostaglandins, increased smooth muscle contraction// (1) Prostate-30% semen, semenplasmin (antibiotic) acidic (slightly)//(2) Bulbourethral-alkaline mucus 5% semen.
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What are the erectile tissues and where are they located?
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Corpara cavernusa-dorsa (lateral; corpus spongeosum ventral/ medial)
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What do the cremaster muscles do?
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Raise and lower testicles<---body temperature regulation.
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when its cold testicles hide, when its warm testicles hang
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What effect would long-term compression of the spermatic artery and vein have on the male reproductive system?
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Sterility, no testosterone (feminized)
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What are the functions of testosterone?
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Stimulates spermatogenesis, maintain accessory glands, determines secondary sexual characteristics, stimulates metabolism (pr-syn) (muscle growth), stimulates affects libido (sex drive)
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What is the raphe?
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Indentation at bottom of scrotum marks scrotum septum.
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line between balls
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What is necessary for erection and ejaculation to occur?
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1.Sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure, 2. Par asympathetic division(PD)/ Sympathetic division(SD)branches must function properly, 3. Urinary sphincters must be closed, 4. nutrients from UI tract. must be sufficient.
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Broad Ligament
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Covers anterior portion of female reproductive tract.
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Steps an ova takes to uterus (4days)
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day 1-infuridibulum (fertilization)(narrow stalk)
day 2-ampulla (bulge) day 3-isthmus (strip) day 4- intramural portion (wall) connects to wall of uterus. |
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Uterus
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muscular pouch for support of embryo. (baby)
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cervix
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projects into vagina
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vulva
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external genatalia
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menses (menustral)
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menustration-period
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ovarian cycle
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primordial follicle--corpus albicans
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menopause
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susation of ovarian cycle, no more periods.
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the clitoris
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sensitive erectile tissue forms "y"
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areola
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dark area around nipple
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PID (pelvic inflammatory dz)
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pain, pressue, discomfort
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vestibule
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Area around opening of vagina
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what is amenorrhea?
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no menustration by age 16, or stopped 6 months or more.
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causes of amenorrhea
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dramatic changes in body fat. stress. anxiety, sports.weight loss.
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average lengths of menustral cycle
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28 days
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estradiol and progesterone are produced where?
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cells in ovary.
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role of estradiol during menustral cycle; and female physiology
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powerful estrogen (preovulatory); stimulate muscle + bone growth, maintain (2 degree) female sex characteristics, affect central nervous system, maintain function accessory glands + organs, initiate growth and repair of the endometrium.
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role of progesterone during menustral cycle; and female physiology?
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post ovulatory hormone; lipds-steroids.
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corpus albicans
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white body (fibroblast)
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Functions of the sustenticular cells
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maintain blood testis barrier, support of meiosis + mitosis, support spermiogenesis, secretion of inhibin, secretion of androgen-binding protein.
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