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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathological forms of chest |
Barrel chest Paralytic chest Funnel chest Pigeon chest Thoracic kyphoscoliosis Scoliosis |
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Barrel Chest Causes |
Chronic bronchitis Emphysema |
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Pigeon Chest Causes |
Rickets |
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Paralytic Chest Causes |
Cachexic patients with TB, pleural sclerosis |
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Thoracic kyphoscoliosis Causes |
Tuberculosis of the spine |
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Scoliosis causes |
Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, infarction of spine, spinal cord abnormalities and injuries |
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Funnel chest Causes |
Abnormal sternal growth, chronic pressure on sternum |
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Abnormal types of breathing |
Cheyne-Stokes Grocco Biot Kussmaul Obstructive |
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Cheyne Stokes Breathing |
Periods of breathing with alternate periods of apnea Heart failure Uremia Brain damage |
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Kussmaul breathing |
Deep breathing due to metabolic acidosis (may be fast, moderate or slow) Diabetic ketoacidosis Kidney failure |
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Biot's breathing |
Unpredictable irregulatity Shallow or deep, with irregular periods of apnea Respiratory depression Brain damage |
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Obstructive breathing |
Expiration phase is prolonged Asthma Chronic bronchitis COPD |
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Grocco breathing |
Continuous wave-like breathing. (Cheyne-Stokes without the periods of apnea) Very superficial Same conditions as early stages of Cheyne Stokes Breathing |
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Why percuss? |
To determine size, consistency, borders of organs, presence or absence of fluid or gas in different areas |
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Who invented percussion? |
Leopald Aurenbrugger (1722-1809) |
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Types of Inspection |
Static (with eyes) Dynamic (with hands) |
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Percussion sounds |
Resonant Dull Tympanic |
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Resonant sound (percussion) |
"Pulmonary"- heard over normal lung tissue Loud, low-pitched, long, non-tympanic |
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Tympanic sound (percussion) |
"Abnormal cavity" Loud, low or high pitched, long, tympanic |
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Dull sound (Percussion) |
Solid organs (heart, spleen, liver) muscles and bone Quiet, high pitched, short, non-tympanic |
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Loudness of percussion sounds |
Loud ▪︎Penetrates deep (5-7cm) ▪︎Spread to width (4-7cm) ▪︎Used in examination of deep and large affected areas Quiet ▪︎ Penetrates deep (3-4cm) ▪︎ Spread to width 2-4cm ▪︎Used in detection of organ borders Very Quiet ▪︎To detect borders of absolute heart dullness |
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Pathological resonant sound |
Hyperresonance (louder and low pitched): ¤ Lungs hyperinflated with air. (Pneumothorax, COPD, asthma) Decreased resonance: ¤ Pneumosclerosis |
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Pathological Tympanic Sound |
¤ Presence of cavities (lung abscess, pneumothorax) |
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Pathological Dull Sound |
¤ Fluid or Solid Presence in air-containing lung tissue. (Lobar pneumonia, pleural effusion, tumour, consolidation syndrone) |
