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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Mechanical Series vs. Mechanical parallel?
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Whether components of the velopharyngeal apparatus function:
One after another Side-by-side |
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The skeletal superstructure consists of_______
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The first six vertebrae and various bones of the skull.
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What bones of the skull are part of the superstructure?
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Cranium – braincase
Facial complex – four head, eyes, nose mouth and upper throat |
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What is the pharynx?
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A tube of tendon and muscle that extends from the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage in the front and into the sixth cervical vertebrae in the back.
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What is the makeup of the upper end of the pharynx?
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Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Solely connective tissue which suspends the pharynx from above |
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What is the make up of the Pharynx at the lower end?
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Muscular and contiguous with the esophagus.
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The pharyngeal apparatus is widest at the_____ and ________.
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Top
Narrows |
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The front wall of the pharynx is partially formed by the surfaces of the_____, ____ and_______.
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Velum
Tongue Epiglottis |
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The pharyngeal structure is open at the_____ and connects from top to bottom with the ________, _________ and __________.
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Nasal cavities,
oral cavity and laryngeal aditus ( upper entrance to the pharynx) |
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The pharynx comprises three cavities that are designed from top to bottom as the ______,________ and,________.
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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Where is the nasopharynx?
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Lies behind the nose and above the velum.
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Where are the eustachian (auditory tubes) located?
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On the lateral walls of the nasopharynx. (Tubes enable pressure equilibration between the middle ears and the atmosphere.)
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Describe the pharyngeal tonsils.
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A large mass of lymphoid tissue that lies across the back of the nasopharynx between the pharyngeal orifices and the Eustachian tubes.
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The nasopharyngeal tonsils, when abnormally enlarged, is designated as______
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Adenoid tissue or just adenoids
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At the front nasopharynx connects the nasal cavities through the ______
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Nasal Choanae ( nostrils)
(Two oval-shaped apertures about twice as long top to bottom as they are wide) |
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What is the oropharynx?
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Forms the middle part of the pharyngeal tube. Begins with the lower boundary of the nasopharynx.
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What is the lower boundary of the oropharynx?
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Hyoid bone.
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The oropharynx opens into the oral cavity through the _____
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Faucial isthmus (The narrow passage passage situated between the Velum and the tongue
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What are the posterior and anterior faucial pillars?
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Pairs of muscle bands that resemble pairs of legs. Isthmus is Bounded on the right and left sides.
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Where are the Palitine tonsils?
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Between the anterior and posterior Faucial pillars on each side of the isthmus.
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Which tonsils are referred to colloquially as the tonsils?
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The faucial tonsils
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What is the lingual tonsil?
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A broad aggregate of lymph glands distributed across much of the root of the tongue.
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Where is the laryngo-pharynx?
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Upper boundary – hyoid bone
Llower boundary – base of cricoid cartilage |
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Where is the Laryngo-pharynx bounded in the front?
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Back surface of the tongue and the lingual tonsils.
Laryngal aditus |
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The larynx is a elongated structure that is architecturally similar to____
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The gut, A sphincter
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What is the velum?
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A pendulous flap consisting of the soft Tolectin uvula.
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What does the word velum mean?
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Curtain
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What forms the fibrous skeleton for the velum?
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A broadsheet of connective tissue,
the palatal aponeurosis. |
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The velum is not structurally homogenous. What are the differences?
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Layers of different types of tissue within the velum and differences in the distribution of muscle fibers within the structure
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What are the four tissue layers that have been identified in the velum?
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1. Oral surface – glandular (secreting) Tissue with adipose (fat) tissue at the sides
2. Middle layer, muscle tissue – runs side to side in the central portion of the structure and front to back towards the nasal surface 3.Upper front layer – connective tissue, tendon 4. Lower back layer – glandular tissue |
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What does uvula mean?
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Little grape
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Which has a richer vascular system? The uvula, or the soft palate?
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Uvula
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The nasal fossae is located?
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Behind the outer nose.
Constitute the inner nose and I two large chambers that run side-by-side |
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What separate the two nasal cavities?
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Nasal septum
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What is the floor of the nasal cavity?
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Slightly concave formed by the hard pallet. Palatine processes of the maxillary bones.
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What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
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Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
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What are the nasal conchae?
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The lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Shell like structure. Labyrinthine.
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What are the prominent features of the outer nose?
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Root, fridge, dorsum, apex, alae , base septum, anterior nares
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What are the forces and movements of the velopharyngeal nasal apparatus?
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Passive - Always present although subject to change
Active - Applied depending on the will and ability of the individual |
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What gives rise to passive force of the velopharyngeal nasal function?
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Natural recoil of muscles cartilage and connective tissue
Surface tension between structures Pull of gravity Aeromechanical forces within the upper airway throat mouth and nose |
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What gives rise to active forces of the velopharyngeal nasal function?
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Muscles distributed within the components of the velopharyngeal nasal apparatus
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What is the velopharyngeal port?
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Separates nasal and oral cavity
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What is the skeletal structure of the Velopharyngeal nasal apparatus?
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First six cervical vertebrae
Bones of the skull and face |
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What is the pharynx?
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Tube of tendon and muscle.
Pharyngeal aponeurosis (superior) Connects esophagus |
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What are the three cavities of the pharynx?
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx Laryngo-pharynx |
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What is the nasopharynx?
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Behind the nose, above the velum.
Connects to nasal cavities (always open) Eustachian tubes - pressure Pharyngeal tonsils - alea adenoid |
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What is the oropharynx?
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From the nasopharynx to the hyoid bone.
Anterior and posterior Faucial pillars Palitine tonsils Lingual tonsils – root of the time |
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What is the laryngo- pharynx?
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Hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage and esophagus.
Laryngeal aditus Piriform sinuses |
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What is the velum?
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Consists of the soft palate and uvula.
Distribution of muscle fibers differ from front to back. Palatal aponeurosis – housing for structure |
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Nasal cavities are separated by?
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Septum
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What separates the oral and nasal cavities?
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Floor,
maxillary bone Palatine bone Roof and upper back |
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What makes the lateral walls of the nasal cavity complex?
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The nasal Conchae
( turbines) Superior, middle, inferior |
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What are the velopharyngeal- nasal movements?
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Passive and active
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What are active movements of the velopharyngeal apparatus?
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Contraction of muscle fibers including pharynx, velum, outer nose.
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Describe the constrictor muscles?
Superior, middle, inferior |
Behave as a sphincter meaning they want to maintain constriction.
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What do the superior and middle constrictors do?
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1. Forward movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall.
2. Inward movement of the lateral pharyngeal wall 3. Reduces cross-section of the upper part of the fair |
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What does the inferior constrictor do?
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The most powerful
Constricts the lower pharynx Separated into two sections Thyropharyngeus Cricopharyngeous |
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What are the two sections of the inferior constrictor?
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Thyropharyneous
Cricopharyngeous |
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What does the salpingopharyngeous do?
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Near Eustachian tubes
Pulls lateral wall of pharynx upward and inward Decreases the width of the pharynx |
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What does the Stylopharyngeous do?
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Pulls pharynx upward and outward
Pulls lateral walls towards the side Widens the pharynx |
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What does the Palatopharyngeus do?
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Muscle of the soft palate and pharynx
Can elevate pharynx Draws pharyngeal wall inward |
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Muscles of the Velum?
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Palatal Levator
Palatal tensor Uvulas Glossopalitine |
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Describe the palatal Levator?
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Also known as the Levator Veli Palitini
Draws velum up and back Lifts velum to posterior pharyngeal wall |
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What does the palatal Tensor do?
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Aka. Tensor Veli palatini
Pulls velum to the side and downward Velum lowers and flattens Tension at the center of the velum increases |
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Describe the uvula?
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Shortens lifts and increases thickness of the velum
May facilitate contact between velum and posterior pharyngeal wall |
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Describe the Glossopalatine?
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Anterior faucial pillar
Can pull down and forward on velum Limited force compared to palatalpharyngeus |
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What creates resonance?
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Adjustments of the velum and the pharynx
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What does it mean that the velum is a muscular hydrostat?
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The structure maintains constant volume but changes shape depending on movement.
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The pharynx is a highly mobile_______.
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Tube
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In what ways can the pharynx change?
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1. Can lengthen and shorten.
2. The lateral wall can move inward and outward 3. Posterior wall can move forward and backward 4. Velum , tongue and epiglottis can move forward and backward |
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What are the movements of the velum?
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Resting – Hangs into the oropharynx
Moves upward – to the nasopharynx |
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Describe the action of the velum.
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Coupling between the oral and nasal cavities.
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The velopharyngeal port is open for_____ and closed for_______.
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Nasal breathing
Closed for swallowing and speech sounds (except nasals) |
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What are strategies for closing the velopharyngeal port? ABCD
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A. Elevation of the velum
B. Inward movement of lateral pharyngeal walls C. Elevation of the velum and movement of lateral walls D. Elevation of the velums and lateral wall movement and forward movement of the posterior wall. |
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What muscles coordinate to position the velum?
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Palatal levator (raises velum)
Glossopalatine (Up ,down and forward) Pharyngopalatine/Palato pharyngeus |
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What are the passive and active forces for the velopharyngeal port?
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Active – muscular forces to close the deal Velpharyngeal Port
Passive – tissue recoil and gravity |
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What forces are used to open the Velopharyngeal port?
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Muscular forces and passive forces.
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List the control variables of the velopharyngeal function and airway resistance.
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Resistance is the opposition to movement.
Opposition to airflow through VPP Energy is lost due to friction Depends on the rate of airflow Range of airway resistance |
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When is the range of airway resistance high and low?
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Low – after taking a decongestant
High - When completely obstructed. |
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What is the velopharyngeal Sphincter compression?
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Force of closure below pharyngeal port can be adjusted.
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When is the force of the velopharyngeal sphincter compression high?
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For pressure consonants
For black playing brass and Wind instruments |
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What can excessive high velopharyngeal sphincter compression cause?
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Velopharyngeal incompetence
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Describe velopharyngeal acoustic impedance.
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Involves opposition to airflow.
Opposition to rapid bumping of air molecules related to sound |
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Describe acoustic impedance when the velopharyngeal port is closed or open.
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Closed – impedance in the nasal cavity is high and sound energy passes through the oral cavity.
Open – oral and nasal cavities can exchange sound. |
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Muscles of the pharynx and velum are served by the _____.
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Pharyngeal plexus
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What cranial nerves innervate the pharynx and velum?
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IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus XI spinal accessory |
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What is the one muscle that is not innervated by cranial nerves IX X XI?
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The palatal tensor.
Innervated by V trigeminal |
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The sensory signals from the pharynx and velum travel to the brain through which cranial nerves?
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V – trigeminal
VII – facial IX – glossopharyngeal X – vagus |
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Receptors in the _____ of the velum and pharynx respond to touch.
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Mucusa
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_________ around the velopharyngeal muscles relay Information of muscle length and tension to the brain.
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Mechanoreceptors
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What is the velopharyngeal function?
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Control of coupling between nasal and oral cavities.
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What is the difference of high and low vowels in velopharyngeal closure?
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High vowels have tighter VP closure than low vowels.
(Greater velar height and more contact with posterior pharyngeal wall, levators |
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Why do high vowels have tighter VP closure than low vowels?
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Greater Velar Height and more contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall
Palatal levators |
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What is the velopharyngeal function for sustained fricative?
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Airtight VP closure important for pressure consonants.
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How is the velopharyngeal function different with vowels and consonants.
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Sustained fricatives have:
-Higher velar elevation -More forward displacement of the posterior pharyngeal wall. |
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What is the velopharyngeal function for sustained nasals?
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The position of the Velum Is the same for nasals as for breathing
The palatal Levator muscle is not activated |
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What is the development of the Velopharyngeal port at infancy?
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Open VPP key to obligate nose breathing. First six weeks.
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At what age is the velopharyngeal port consistently closed during running speech?
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Between six months and three years
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What is the adenoid influence of the velopharyngeal closure during development?
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Child – large adenoid tonsils ( less Velar movement)
Teenager – adenoid tonsils start to atrophy Adult – adinoid tonsils are gone |
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How do men and women differ in velopharyngeal function?
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Men have higher velar elevation
Steeper angle between the velum and hard palate Differences make little difference functionally or clinically |
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What are the ways to measure the VP function?
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Direct visualization – oral mechanism examination or endoscopy on a child.
X-ray imaging – aneflouroscopy |
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How are aeromechanical observations made?
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Nasal airflow – pneumatachometer
Acoustic observations Sound spectrography Nasemeter – nasal balance |
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What is a functional disorder?
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Has no known physical cause.
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What is an organic disorder?
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Identifiable physical cause
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What is the New Mexico birthrate of congenial clefts of lip and palate?
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2.6 per 1000 births
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What what traumas and surgical causes result in VP dysfunction?
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Surgical removal of adenoids may to VP incompetence in childhood
Cancer Injury |
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How can neuromotor diseases cause VP dysfunction?
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Weakness or paralysis of velum or pharyngeal wall.
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What neuromotor diseases caused VP dysfunction?
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Cerebral palsy – brain movement
Parkinson's – dopamine deficiency Anattropic lateral sclerosis Myasthenia Gravis |
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What treatment is available for Hypernasality?
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Palatal lift prosthesis - Lifts velum to the back wall of the pharynx
Biofeedback – nasometer or Seescape |
