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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sources of knowledge.
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Authorities
Tradition And the media. |
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Characteristics of Propaganda
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Source of information has a vested interest in persuading you. This is why you must consider the source!!
Presentation of information is unbalanced. Responds to critics though use of personal attacks rather than facts or reason. Often attempts to manipulate through emotions or intimidation, rather than through facts or reason. |
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scientific research
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a collection of systematic methods people use to produce knowledge.
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why study methods?
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To obtain knowledge allows you to become more critical of the scientific merits of technical reports/research.
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what is science?
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rationality and logic with systematic methods for observation. Goal is to develop knowledge. measurement, observation, replication, and verification. INFORMED SKEPTISICM.
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Scientific inquiry.
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what we are trying to manipulate/explain is probabilistic, where the presence of x means a more likely chance of y occurring. Y does not have to occur every time there is x, so individual exceptions do not disprove the rule
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proper conduct and reguard for science.
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Research needs to be interdisciplinary and give heed to practical problems.
Researchers strive to be honest about the possibility of error. People should not expect perfection in scientific research; there is always error |
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Theory
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an attempt to develop plausible explanations of reality through organizing, classifying, explanation, and prediction. Theory helps us interpret facts.
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Methodology
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involves the collection of facts.
Theory without method is no better than opinion. We could not verify the truth of ideas. Method without theory produces useless “facts”. We would have no way of discerning whether facts are relevant. |
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pure/basic research
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knowledge is intended primarily for the sake of science
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applied research
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oriented toward practical issues.
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evaluation research
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examines public programs and policies (do programs work, how well do they work, can they work better?)
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quantitative research
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concepts are assigned a numeric value. Emphasis is often on prediction.
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qualitative research
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emphasis on understanding the meaning of what goes on.
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concepts
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names given phenomenon in reality, intended to capture the essence of reality.
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operationalization
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describes how we measure a concept. How would you measure sex, for instance?
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variables
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something that can take on different values of a quantitative nature
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dependent variable
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the outcome variable
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Independent variable
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the predictor or causal variable
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Hypothesis
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specific statements about the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. A null hypothesis assumes no relationship, and most statistical tests assume the null hypothesis
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the research process
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Theory
Hypothesis Research design Data gathering Analysis & Findings New theory. |
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deduction
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Using a theory to predict a fact
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induction
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Starting with facts and then using them to create an explanation
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