Research Methods - Planning Research

Front 1

what is the definition of a hypothesis?

Back 1

a statement predicting the outcome of research

Front 2

what is the definition of an alternate hypothesis?

Back 2

a statement which predicts a difference or correlation in result

Front 3

what is the definition of a null hypothesis?

Back 3

a statement which predicts no difference or correlation in results

Front 4

what is a null hypothesis abbreviated to?

Back 4

h0

Front 5

what is an alternative hypothesis abbreviated to?

Back 5

h1

Front 6

what is a variable?

Back 6

anything that is open to change

Front 7

what is an independent variable?

Back 7

something the researcher changes or manipulates

Front 8

what is a dependent variable?

Back 8

something that is measured to see if it has changed (after an independent variable is manipulated)

Front 9

what is an extraneous Variable?

Back 9

A variable (which is not the independent variable ) but could affect the dependent variable if not controllred

Front 10

what are two types of extraneous variables?

Back 10

participant variables
situational variables

Front 11

what is standardisation?

Back 11

a way of controlling extraneous variables by keeping the extra variables the same in different conditions

Front 12

what are the two types of standarsation and what do they mean?

Back 12

standardised procedure - each participants is treated exactly the same way e.g same tasks, same order, same say, same timings etc
standardised instructions - every participant must be given exactly the same instructions ideally by the same person and in the same way

Front 13

what is the definition of experimental design?

Back 13

a way of allocating participants to conditions in an experiment

Front 14

what is a repeated measures design?-

Back 14

an experimental design in which participants take part in each condition

Front 15

what is a independent measures design?

Back 15

an experimental design in which participants are different in each condition

Front 16

what are the strengths of an independent measures design?

Back 16

no order effects

Front 17

what are the strengths of a repeated measures design?

Back 17

researchers are comparing the same participants in each conditions

more practical because they do not need to use as many participants

Front 18

what are the weaknesses of the independent measures design?

Back 18

indiviodual differences

Front 19

what are the weaknesses of the repeated measures design?

Back 19

demand characteristics
order effects

Front 20

define sample

Back 20

a smaller group selected from a larger population

Front 21

define target population

Back 21

the entire set of people researchers want to generalise their results to

Front 22

define a random sample

Back 22

a sample fro which everyone in target population has an equal chance of being chosen

e.g names out of a hat

Front 23

define oppurtunity sample

Back 23

a sample drawn from the target population because they are available and convenient

Front 24

what are the strengths of a random sample?

Back 24

no bias - gives a cross section of people
gives everyone an equal chance of being selected

Front 25

what are the strengths of a oppurtunity sample?

Back 25

straightforward because participants are easy to get hold of and normally keen to take part

Front 26

what are the weaknesses of a random sample?

Back 26

not always practical

possibility of drawing a freak sample

Front 27

what are the weaknesses of a opportunity sample?

Back 27

not representive

Front 28

define ethical consideration

Back 28

issues of research that take into account the welfare of participants

Front 29

what is meant by informed consent and how is it achieved?

Back 29

when participants agree to take part in a study and also know what the aim of the study is

briefed on what is involved before the study

Front 30

what is meant by right to withdraw?

Back 30

when participants are allowed to stop participating in a study or can stop the study altogether whether that before during or after

Front 31

what is meant by confidentiality?

Back 31

protecting the identity by not revealing names and other details
no names blurring faces etc

Front 32

what is meant by deception?

Back 32

participants should know what the study envolves before they begin

Front 33

what is meant by protection from psychological harm?

Back 33

participants should not be deceived not be caused any unnecessary distress and should not be caused any discomfort or embarrassment

Front 34

what is meant by debriefing?

Back 34

-at the end of the study participants should be told the aims and hypothesis of the experiment

Front 35

name 2 examples of a null hypothesis

Back 35

-there is no difference in the way that Japanese and american people interpret emotions in faces

-there is a correlation between the number of crimes a parent commits and the number of crimes their sons commit

Front 36

name 2 examples of a alternate hypothesis

Back 36

-there is no difference in the way that Japanese people interpret emotions in faces

- there is no correlation between the number of crimes a parent commits and the number of crimes their sons commit

Front 37

define participant variables

Back 37

differences between participants in two groups

Front 38

define situational variables

Back 38

aspects of the environment that might affect the results