Research Exam 1 2.0

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Ways in which a person can know things are discover answers to

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Methods of acquiring knowledge

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Information is excepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it

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Method of tenacite

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Information is excepted on the basis of a hunch or gut feeling

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Method of intuition

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A person realize that information or answers from an expert in the subject area

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Method of authority

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Is a variant of the method of authority in which people have unquestioning trust in the authority figure and therefore excepts information from the authority without doubt or challenge

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Method of faith

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Six answers by the use of logical reasoning

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Rational method or rationalism

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In logical reasoning, _______ Describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true

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Premises statements

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Is a set of premises statements that are logically combined to yield a complete conclusion

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In argument

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Uses observations or direct sensory experience to obtain knowledge

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Empirical method or empiricism

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Is an approach to acquiring knowledge that involves formulating specific questions and then systematically finding Answers

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Scientific method

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The step that be skins with casual or informational observations

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Step one of the scientific method

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Involves using a relatively small set of specific observations as the basis for forming a general statement about a larger set a possible observations

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Induction or inductive reasoning

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The step that usually begins by identifying other factors are variables that are associated with your observation

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Step two of the scientific method

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Characteristics or conditions that change or have different values of different individuals

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Variables

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A statement that describes or explains the relationship between or among variables

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Hypothesis

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The step that involves taking the hypothesis and applying it to a specific observable real-world situation

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Step three of the scientific method

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Uses a general statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples

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Deduction or deductive reasoning

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The next step involves evaluating the prediction using direct observations

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Step four of the scientific method

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The step that compares the actual observations with the predictions that were made from the hypothesis

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Step five of the scientific method

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Repetition of observations, allows verification of the findings

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Replication

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System of ideas often presented as science but actually lacking some of the key components that are essential to scientific research

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Pseudoscience

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Intended to answer practical questions or solve practical problems

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Applied research

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Research studies intended to answer theoretical questions or gather knowledge simply for the sake of new knowledge

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Basic research

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A first-hand report observations or research results written by the individuals who actually conducted the research and made the observations

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Primary source

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A description or summary of another person’s work

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Secondary source

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Discusses previous research that forms the foundation for the current research study and present a clear statement of the problem being investigated. This can also contain the literature review

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Introduction

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Presents details concerning the participants in the procedures used in the study

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Method section

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Present the details of the statistical analysis and usually is not important for generating a new research idea

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Result section

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Summarizing the results of the study, stating the conclusions, and noting any potential applications

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Discussion section

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List complete references for all items cited in the

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Reference section

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Is one for which all of the variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observed

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Testable hypothesis

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Is one that can be demonstrated to be false

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Refutable hypothesis

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A set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a particular behavior

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Theories

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Are hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behavior in a theory

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Constructs

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Is the procedure for indirectly measuring and defining a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly

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Operational definition

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The degree to which the measurement process measures the variable that claims to measure

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Validity

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Is the simplest and least scientific definition of validity concerns that superficial aperient’s or face value of a measurement procedure

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Face validity

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The validity of a new measurement is established by demonstrating that the scores obtained from the new measurement technique are directly related to the score is obtained from another better establish procedure for measuring the same variable

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Concurrent validity

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When the measurements of a construct accurately predict behavior, the measurement procedure is said to

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Predictive validity

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If we can demonstrate the measurements of the variable behave in exactly the same way as a variable itself then we have establish the

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Construct validity

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As demonstrated by a strong relationships between the scores obtain from two or more different methods of measuring the same construct

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Convergent validity

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Is demonstrated by showing little or no relationship between the measurements of two different constructs

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Divergent validity

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The stability or consistency of the measurement

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Reliability

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Is established by comparing the scores of teen from two successive measurements of the same individuals and calculating a correlation between the two set of scores

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Test retest reliability

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If alternative versions of the measuring instruments are used for the two measurements the reliability measure is called

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Parallel forms reliability

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Is the degree of agreement between two observers who simultaneously record measurements of the behaviors

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Inter-rater reliability

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Is obtained by splitting the items of a questionnaire or test in half, computing a separate score for each half, then calculating the degree of consistency between the two scores for a group of participants

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Split half reliability

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Is the clustering of scores at the high end of a measurement scale, allowing little or no possibility of increases in value

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Ceiling affect

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Is the clustering of scores at the lower end of a measurement scale, allowing little or no possibility of decreases in value

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A floor affect

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Refer to any of the potential cues or features of a study that one suggest that the participants know what the purpose and hypothesis is and to influence the participants to respond or behave in a certain way

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Demand characteristics

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Occurs when participants modify their natural behavior in response to the fact that they are participating in a research study or the knowledge that they are being measured

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Reactivity

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Concerns the responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies results

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Research ethics

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A set of 10 guidelines for ethical treatment of human participants in research

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Nuremberg code

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Occurs when a researcher purposely withholding information or miss lead participants with regards to information about the study there are two forms, passive and active

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Deception

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Is the withholding or admitting the information, the researcher intentionally does not tell participants some information about the study

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Passive deception or omission

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Is the presenting of miss information about the study to participants

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Active deception or commission

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Is a committee that examines all proposed research with respect to his treatment of human participants

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Institutional review board

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Is a committee that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of non-human subjects

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Institutional animal care and use committee

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Occurs when participants or subjects are selected in a manner that increases the probability of obtaining a biased sample

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Selection bias or sampling bias

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The entire population is known, each individual in the population has a specifiable Probability of selection and sampling occurs by a random process based on the probabilities

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Probability sampling

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Is the procedure that produces one outcome for a set of possible outcomes

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Random process

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The population is not completely known, the individual probabilities cannot be known in the sampling method is based on factors such as commonsense or ease with an effort to maintain representativeness and avoid bias

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Nonprobability sample ling

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Begins by listing all the individuals in the population then randomly picking up picking a starting point on the list

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Systematic sampling

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Identify the specific sub groups to be included in the sample then select equal size random samples from each of the pre-identified sub groups and then combine a subgroup samples into one overall sample

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Stratified random sample ling

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Instead of selecting 300 students you can randomly select 10 classrooms with 30 students each

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Cluster sampling

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Can ensure that sub groups are equally represented in a convenience sample

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Quota sampling

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Is the general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer

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Research strategy

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The description of individual variables

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Descriptive research strategy

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Is a general plan for implementing a research strategy

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Research design

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Is an exact step-by-step description of a specific research study

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Research procedure

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Refers to the extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people settings times measures and characteristics other than those used in the study

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External validity

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Is any characteristic of a study that limits the ability to generalize the results from a research study

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Threat to external validity

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If it produces a single unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables it has

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Internal validity

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Is any factor that allows for an alternative explanation

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Threat to internal validity

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Is any variable in a research study other than a specific variables being studied

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Extraneous variable

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The differences from one participating in a research study to another is known as

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Individual differences