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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is variables? |
Is a characteristic / event that have different value |
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What is research problem? |
Issue which attract attention or motivation of the researcher |
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What is data? |
Pieces of information obtained in the course of study |
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Research process steps |
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What type of analysis when u compare between 2 numerical data? |
independent T test |
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What kind of analysis when you compare more than 2 numerical variable? |
One way anova |
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What kind of analysis when u compare numerical variable at before and after intervention in same sample? |
Paired t test |
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What kind of analysis when U finding association between 2 numerical variables ? |
Pearson’s correlation |
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What is research? |
A systematic, controlled, empirical, Critical investigation of phenomenon guided by theory and hypothesis |
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Define hypothesis |
A statement of researcher’s prediction regarding the outcome of the study |
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what is Null hypothesis |
There is no statistically significant relationship between 2 variables |
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what is Alternative hypothesis |
There is statistically relationship between 2 variable |
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What is general objective? |
A broader statement about what the study aims to achieve overall. |
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What is Specific objective ? |
Detailed objective that described what will be research during the study |
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4 goals for of research |
1. To deepen the understanding of a topic or issue
2. To find answers to problems which are partially solved by existing methods and info
3. Improve existing technique and develop new instruments / or product for better outcomes
4. Collect evidence that lead to a better care
5. To achieve better care standard and applications for patients and family
6. Incorporate research evidence into clinical decision
Others: To discover new fact about known phenomenon (alcohol turn into a kind of fuel in quality to Gasoline)
Professionalism- extending base of knowledge 2. Help to develop new tools , concept or theory. Formulation of strategy and policies by provide actual data
4. identify efficacy of nursing process |
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Steps in research process |
1.Identify and priotize research problem 2. identify clear problem statement 3. formulation research: objective, questions and hypothesis 4. Define variables 5. significant of study 6. Literature review 7. methodology 8. Research design 9.Population & sampling 10. Data collection 11. Data analysis 12. Report writing |
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what is literature review ? |
A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. |
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what is the purpose of literature review ? |
1. To gain an understanding of the existing research 2. debates relevant to a particular topic or area of study 3. To present the knowledge in the form of a written report 4. To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your study 5. To provide the current theoritical and scientific knowledge about a particular problem 6. Provides insight into the approaches and methodologies adopted by different researches 7. To identify gaps in literature review |
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what are the sources that u can get literature review ? |
1. Electronic searching 2. Journal subcription 3. Books, technical reports, unpublished thesis |
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what is the primary and secondary sources of literature review ? |
I. Primary sources: - These are original documents or original research. - Material that is direct description of event by a person who conducted the investigation. - Eg, research journal, diaries, interview, speeches, novel , poetry II. secondary sources - These works that synthesise, summarise, interpret primary sources - eg, Encyclopedia, review, history, textbook, magazine articles, biographies -Material written by author who was direct participant in the events described . -Useful as it provide a quick and relatively easy method of getting overview of current thinking in the field |
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steps in developing a literature review: |
1. Select databases - look for keywords -Look for primary sources 2. search for the literature - conduct a comprehensive bibliographic search of books and articles in your area - read the abstract online and download or print those articles 3. Screen sources for relevance and appropriateness - skim the contents of each books or articles. - looks for conclusion and findings about the study - gaps you notice in the literature - Discard irrelevant or inappropriate references 4. read and summary the important information in each articles/ reference 5. Critique or evaluate studies - author perspective, and arguments supported by evidence 6. Analyzed and synthesis the literature review 7. Writing the review 8. refrences |
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what is citation? |
Citation is a formal reference to the source of information used in your research. |
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what is the difference between references and bibliography? |
1. References - A references list only contains sources that you have quoted or paraphrased /cited in-text in your work. 2. Bibliography - Is a list of all the sources you used to generate your ideas about the topic, including those u did not quote or paraphrase |
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8 steps in research process |
1. Identify a research problem/ statement 2. Formulating research objective, questions, and hypothesis 3. Conducting a literature review 4. Research design 5. Population and sampling 6. Data collection 7. Data analysis 8. report writing |
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Types of research. (7) |
1. B-Boyfren-basic research 2. A- Aminah-Apply research 3. E- Enggan -exploratory research 4. D- Dukung -descriptive research 5. D- Dia-diagnostic research 6. E- Entah-Evaluative research 7. A- Action-Action research |
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Criteria used in constructing research objectives |
S- Specific M- measurable A- Achievable R- Realistic T- Time bound |
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Action words that are common used in constructing research objectives |
1. To identify 2. To determine 3. To describe 4. To explore 5. To develop 6.to compare 7. To analyse 8. To evaluation 9. To establish
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Types of method in data collections |
1. questionnaires 2. Focus group discussion 3. interview 4. online survey 5. Telephone interview 6. Webcam interview |
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what is dependant variable? |
Dependant variable- a variable being tested or manipulated or observed by research eg, Level of knowledge |
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what is independant variable?
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Independant variable
- the variable that predicted to influenced other variable eg, race , gender age |
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statistic what is variable? |
statistic: Variable is any aspect of an individual that is measured eg, sex age, blood pressure |
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Statistic: List types of variables |
Types of variable : 1. Numerical: continous- weight discrete- no of diarrhea episode in past week 2. Categorical: Nominal: male -female, yes no Ordinal: Income level 3. Rate - the number of new events that occur per person per unit time eg, survival rate |
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statistic List 2 types of variables ? |
statistic
2 types of variables 1. Outcome variables: The variable that is focus of our attention, whose variation or occurrence we seeking to understand 2. Exposure variable The variable that may influence the outcome variable |
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List of 2 referencing style |
referencing style 1. APA style 2. Harvard style 3. Vancouver style 4. Chicago style 5. Number style |
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How to conduct literature search? |
How to conduct a literature search? 1. Devise search strategy 2. select database 3. search for potential primary sources material 4. screen sources for relevance and appropriateness 5. Read sources of materials (articles or journal) 6. Critique 7. Evaluate study 8. Analyzed 9. Integrate information 10. search for themes 11. synthesis the literature 12. Writing the review 13. references
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5 component which supposed to be in the title of the study |
5 component which supposed to be in the title of the study
1. Independant variable 2. dependant variable 3.who involve 4. where take place 5. when |
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The ethical issues that needs to be considered in the study (7) |
The ethical issues that needs to be considered in the study :
1. consent from the respondent 2. Register with National medical research register (NMRR) 3. Medical Research ethical committee (MREC) approval 4. Review by Clinical research centre (CRC) 5. Approval from hospital / hospital director 6. Patient data privacy 7. Information confidentiality
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Statistic State the normality test. (4) |
1. Box plot 2. Histogram 3. kolmogorov-Smirnov & Shapiro will test 4. Sample size |
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Explain the characteristic normal distribution (4) |
1. Perfectly symmetrical shape 2. Normal bell curve 3. Unimodal 4. Mean=median=mode are equal 5. The right side of the centre mirror the left side of the centre 6.asymtotic ( line adalah sehala dgn line yg lain yg dibandingkan) |
