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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define chlamydia |
Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia tromatis |
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Identify symptoms of chlamydia (3) |
Abnormal vaginal discharge, burning sensation when urinating, discharge from penis |
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Define gonorrhea |
Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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Identify symptoms of gonorrhea (4) |
Burning sensation when urinating, white/yellow/green discharge from penis, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods |
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Define syphilis |
Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum |
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Identify symptoms of syphilis (4) |
Ulcers on the skin, eventual disfigurement, blindness, death |
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Identify the symptoms of hepatitis A, B, C, D, E |
Some people have no symptoms, others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, or diarrhea |
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Identify the two types of hepatitis |
Acute (temporary) or chronic (long term). Depends on if it lasts more than six months |
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Define HSV |
Herpes simplex virus type 2 |
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Identify symptoms of HSV |
Genital herpes sores (appear as blisters are the genitals, rectum, or mouth. Blisters break and leave painful sores that may take weeks to heal.), could have flu like symptoms during first outbreak (fever, body aches, swollen glands) |
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Define HIV/Aids |
Condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life threatening opportunistic infections |
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Define condoms |
Method of STD prevention and birth control. 82% effective in reducing pregnancy and 98% for STDs. Come in male and female versions (latex, polyurethane, or lamb skin), also dental dams |
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How many times does sexual intercourse take place on any given day |
120 million |
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How much sperm can the human testes produce daily |
10 million sperm cells. Enough to repopulate the entire earth in only 6 months |
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How many children is the female body capable of giving birth to in one lifetime |
35 |
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Define wolffian and Müllerian ducts |
Ducts present in the male/female indifferent stage of development. |
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What do the wolffian and Müllerian ducts develop into |
In females, mullerian duct develops into oviducts (Fallopian tubes) and wolffian duct degenerate. In males, wolffian duct becomes the vas deferens |
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Define the SRY gene |
also known as testis-determining factor (TDF). DNA binding protein. Located only on the Y chromosome, and it’s expression specifies development into male or female. Impacts 3083 targets for development |
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Identify and describe another important gene that acts in male and female development |
SOX9 gene. Impacts 1903 targets in development |
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Describe fetal development of internal sex organs when SRY is present |
Initially has gonads, Müllerian duct, wolffian duct, probladder, kidney, ureter, and cloaca. Develops after 6 weeks into kidney, testes, urinary bladder, and urethra. After 14 weeks into urethra, testes, and penis |
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Describe fetal development of internal sex organs when the SRY gene is absent |
Initially has gonads, Müllerian duct, wolffian duct, probladder, kidney, ureter, and cloaca. Develops after 6 weeks into ovaries, uterus, and vaginal opening. After 14 weeks ovary and vagina |
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Describe fetal development of the external sex organs when SRY gene is present |
Initially cloaca. After 4 weeks develops to urogenital groove. After 6 weeks develops to glans, urogenital groove, and anus. After 9 weeks develops to glans of penis, prepuce, and scrotum |
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Describe the fetal development of external sex organs when SRY gene is absent |
Initially cloaca. After 4 weeks develops to urogenital groove. After 6 weeks develops to glans, urogenital groove, and anus. After 9 weeks develops to glans of clitoris, vagina, labium minorus, and labium majoris |
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Identify the functions of the male reproductive system anatomy (2) |
Manufacture sperm and hormones. Deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract so fertilization can occur |
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Describe the external anatomy of a circumcised and uncircumcised penis |
Both have penis, glans, and scrotum. Foreskin is present in an uncircumcised and removed in an circumcised penis |
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Define the testes |
Sperm producing male gonads that lie in the scrotum |
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Describe the anatomy of the testes |
Surrounded by tunics. Extensions of the inner tunic divided the testis into about 250 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules (generate and transport sperm) |
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Identify features present in histology of a lobule (3) |
Peritubular myoid (PTM) cells, steroli cells, and leydig cells |
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Define peritubular myoid (PTM) cells |
Smooth muscle cells which surround the seminiferous tubules in the testis. Have a role in maintaining the structure of the tubules and regulating spermatogenesis through cellular interaction |
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Define steroli cells |
Sustentacular cell, activated by testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Nurture developing Soren and form blood testis barrier |
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Define leydig cells |
Interstitial cells that produce and secrete testosterone |
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define epididymis |
a single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube 20-23 feet in length connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to the vas deferens |
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describe the function of the epididymis |
secretes immobilin to keep sperm immobile until ejaculation. Site of sperm storage |
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identify accessory glands which produce seminal fluid (3) |
seminal vesicles (2), prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland (2) |
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describe seminal fluid produced in seminal vesicles |
fluid contains fructose |
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describe seminal fluid produced in the prostate gland |
milky, buffers acidic vagina, contains enzymes to activate sperm |
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describe seminal fluid produced in Bulbourethral glands |
thick clear mucus, neutralizes acidic urine in urethra prior to ejaculation |
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describe the male delivery system |
epididymis to vas deferens to pelvic cavity to ejaculatory duct to prostate gland to urethra |
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describe histology of the epididymis |
lined with pseudostratified columnar stereocilia |
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describe the function of the vas deferens |
delivers sperm out of the scrotum toward the pelvic cavity |
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describe the function of the ejaculatory duct |
passes through the prostate gland into the urethra |
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describe the urethra |
tube removes urine from the body |
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describe the penis |
organ for intercourse. Composed of 3 bands of erectile tissue which fills with blood during an erection |
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identify the 3 bands of erectile tissue in the penis |
2 corpa cavernosa and corpus spongiosum |
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define sildenafil |
Viagra, protects (cGMP) Nitricoxide (NO) in the corpus cavernosumof the penis binds to receptors, whichresults in smooth muscle relaxation.This smooth muscle relaxation leadsto vasodilation and increased inflow ofblood into the spongy tissue of thepenis, causing an erection |
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define spermatogenesis |
sperm development which begins at puberty |
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define spermatogonia |
stem cell |
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identify the primary spermatocyte |
condensed chromatin |
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define spermatids |
non-motile both early and late stage |
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define spermatozoon |
mature sperm |
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describe a vasectomy |
the vas deferens are severed and then sealed in a manner to prevent the sperm from ejaculating. Testicles continue to produce sperm but it is reabsorbed by the body. Usually takes several months for all the remaining sperm to be ejaculated or reabsorbed |
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identify the function of the female anatomy (2) |
manufacture Oocytes and hormones, act as site from Fertilization and embryonic development |
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define the labia major and minor |
surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra |
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define the clitoris |
its size and sensitivity can vary. The glans of the human clitoris is roughly the size and shape of a pea, and is estimated to have more than 8000 sensory nerve endings |
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define the hymen |
a thin piece of mucous membrane that surrounds and partially covers the vaginal opening |
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define vagina |
organ for intercourse and birth control |
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define cervix |
separates the uterus and vagina. Opens slightly during menstruation to allow menstrual blood to flow out of the uterus |
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identify the functions of the cervix |
entrance for sperm to enter the uterus. Produces cervical mucus during the most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, which helps sperm travel from the vagina into the uterus |
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define uterus |
supports the growing fetus |
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identify the three layers of the uterus from deep to superficial |
endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium |
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define the endometrium |
innermost layer of uterus. Responds to cyclic ovarian hormone changes. Has functional layer (sheds during menstruation) and basal layer (replenishes functional layer) |
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define the myometrium |
middle layer of uterus. Composed of smooth muscle cells |
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define the perimetrium |
outermost layer of uterus. Thin layer of tissue made up of epithelial cells |
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define fallopian tubes |
provides a passage for the ovum to reach the uterus, has fimbriae |
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define fimbriae |
finger-like projections in the fallopian tubes |
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define ovaries |
site of egg cell development and hormone production |
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identify the main hormones produced by the ovaries |
estrogen and progesterone |
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define oogenesis |
egg development |
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identify the phases of oogenesis (4) |
primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, graafian follicle |
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define primordial follicle |
first phase of oogenesis, immature and present at birth |
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define primary follicle |
second phase of oogenesis, simple cuboidal cells |
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define secondary follicle |
third phase of oogenesis, fluid filled antrum appears within layers of cuboidal cells |
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define graafian (Vesicular) follicle |
last phase of oogenesis, mature liquid filled cavity (antrum) that ruptures during ovulation to release an egg |
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define corona radiata |
an outer layer of follicular cells that form around a developing oocyte in the ovary and remain with it upon ovulation |
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define zona pellucida |
a glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte, regulates interactions between ovulated eggs and free-swimming sperm during and following fertilization |
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define corpus luteum |
secretory structure formed at the site of the ruptured follicle after the ovum is discharged. Synthesis and secretion of estrogen and progesterone |
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describe the female monthly cycle |
changes in the ovaries and uterus. Uterian cycle is 28 days. Prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg |
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identify the three phases of the female monthly cycle |
menstrual, proliferate, and secretory |
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describe the menstrual phase |
endometrium is shed and bleeding occurs, days 1-5 |
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describe the proliferate stage |
repairing of the endometrium, days 6-14 |
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describe ovulation |
day 14 of the female monthly cycle |
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describe the secretory phase |
glands enlarge and endometrium swells, days 15-28 |
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describe estrogen levels during the uterine cycle |
ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen at day 5. As it rises, basal layer begins to generate functional layer. |
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describe what occurs when estrogen levels peak |
ovulation will occur with the sudden response to the release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. Corpus Luteum causes rising of progesterone |
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what occurs if fertilization does not occur during ovulation |
the Corpus Luteum degenerates and progesterone levels fall depriving the endometrial cells of nutrients |
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identify primary types of birth control (5) |
synthetic daily oral hormones, injectable Depo Proveria (3 month) , implantable IUD (3-5 years), placeable NuvaRing, insertable sponge |
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define tubal ligation |
"tubes tied", permanent surgical method of birth control. Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or cauterized. Permanent, and usually done during a C-section because it is very invasive |
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define conception |
fusing of male and female gametes, generally occurs in fallopian tubes |
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identify the equation that describes conception |
n sperm + n egg = 2n zygote |
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describe how conception occurs |
sperm must reach the egg then penetrate the zona pellucida. Binds via receptor-ligand interaction. Sperm's acrosome contains enzymes that degrade the zona pellucida. Once through, the sperm and egg fuse |
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describe implantation |
generally occurs around day 7. Blastocyst makes contact with and embeds into endometrium. Syncytial trophoblast develops and projects villi into the endometrium. These villi destroy maternal blood vessels. Inner cell mass separates from trophoblast, creating fluid-filled amniotic cavity. Amniotic cavity and blastocoele are separated by the blastodisc, consisting of two layers of cells, the epiblast and the hypoblast |
