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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is septic metritis
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a. Acute, ascending bacterial infection of the uterus usually caused by E. coli at the sites of placental attachment 52 |
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What are the risk factors for septic metritis
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a. Obstetric manipulations during dystocia, abortion, retained fetal or placental tissue, and uterine prolapse 53 |
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What are the clinical signs of septic metritis
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a. Fever over 103, dehydration, anorexia, depression, malodorous sanguineous vaginal discharge 54 |
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How is septic metritis diagnosed
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a. Painful, large uterus on palpation, vaginal cytology with denegerate neutrophils, elevated total solids, left shift or leukopenia, , ultrasound to look for retained placentas or mummified fetuses 55 |
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What is the treatment for septic metritis
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a. Removal of offspring, intravenous fluids, broand-spectrum antibiotics, prostaglanding F2 alpha (can cause diarrhea, emesis, hypersalivation); OHE is recommended when stable 56 |
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What is agalactia
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a. Complete failure of mammary gland development or failure of milk to let down (secondary). 57 |
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What are the possible reasons for agalactia
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a. Debilitated dams, malnutrition, and endocrine imbalances. Stress can suppress the pituitary gland from secreting oxytocin. 58 |
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How is agalactia treated
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a. Acepromazine promotes prolactin secretion which may increase oxytocin release; oxytocin 59 |
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What is acute septic mastitis
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a. Ascending bacterial infection involving one or more mammary glands 60 |
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What are the clinical signs of mastitis
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a. Fever, anorexia, dehydration, painful/firm/ and reddened mammary glands. Expressed mammary secretions are sticky, chunky, and discolored 61 |
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Bacteria that generally cause mastitis include what organisms
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a. Staphylococcus, streptococcus, E. coli 62 |
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How is this diagnosed
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a. Culture of mammary secretions and response to antibiotic therapy (generally cefadroxil because it does not affect the nursing offspring) 63 |
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How is mastitis treated
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a. Should try to let offspring nurse as can help resolution, avoid nursing if dam is severely ill. If dam is ill, give cabergoline to prevent lactation. Warm compresses 2-3 times a day, ultrasound to look for pockets of fluid that may need surgical intervention 64 |
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What is purpural tetany
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a. Postpartum hypocalcemia or eclampsia that develops less than 28 days after delivery 65 |
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What breeds are most affected by purpural tetany
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a. Small breed dogs (lower incidence in queens) 66 |
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What are the predisposing factors for purpural tetany
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a. Diets high in calcium, high in animal protein, cereals with phytates (binds ionized calcium making it biologically unavailable) may predispose to puerperal tetany 67 |
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What are the clinical signs of puepural tetany
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a. Restlessness, whining, panting, salivation, anorexia, vomiting, and muscle fasicultations, stiffness, ataxia, tonic-clonic muscle spasms, hyperthermia, tachycardia, seizures and death 68 |
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What is the treatment for purpural tetany
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a. Supplementation of calcium gluconate, sometimes oral supplementation of vitamin D is recommended 69 |
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What are some general approximations to how much weight a bitch should gain during pregnancy and how much of their maintenance diet they should be eating to meet their needs during pregnancy and lactation
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a. Should gain 15-25% weight and should be eating 150% of their maintenance calories b. During peak lactation, a bitch will likely need 3-4 times her maintenance calorie amounts 70 |
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How much of the diet should be carbohydrate based to avoid hypoglycemia
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a. 20% 71 |
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When is pyometra most likely to occur
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a. Estrogen-primed uterus during the period of progesterone dominance (diestrus) or thereafter (anestrus) b. Most commonly diagnosed in an intact bitch 4 weeks to 4 months after an estrous cycle. 72 |
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Why is pyometra not as common in the queen
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a. Induced ovulators and does not experience repetitive estrogen and progesterone influences on the uterus 73 |
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Does having given birth previously have a protective effect on bitches
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a. Yes, reduced incidence of pyometra in certain breeds such as Rottweiler, collie, and lab but not in the golden retriever 74 |
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What is the pathogenesis for pyometra
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a. Estrogen stimulation followed by prolonged periods of progesterone dominance. Progesterone results in endometrial proliferation, glandular secretion, and decreased myometrial contractions. Leukocyte inhibition in the progesterone-primed uterus tends to support bacterial growth. 75 |
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What are the four phases of cystic endometrial hyperplasia
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a. Stage 1= uncomplicated CEH, stage 2=endometrial infiltration of plasma cells, stage 3= acute endometritis, and stage 4= chronic endometritis 76 |
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What drug is associated with a greatly increased risk for pyometra in bitches from 1-4
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a. Estrogen therapy; also increased pyometra risk in breeds including golden retriever, miniature schnauzer, irish terrier, saint Bernard, Airedale terrier, cavalier king Charles spaniel, rough collie, Rottweiler, and bernese mountain dog 77 |
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What are the clinical signs of pyometra
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a. Depression, inappetence, polydipsia, polyuria, lethargy, abdominal enlargement, with or without vaginal discharge; typically afebrile and a high white blood cell count is typical, hyperproteinemia and Hyperglobulinemia are common 78 |
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What diagnostic is generally not recommended in bitches suspected of having a pyometra
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a. Cystocentesis 79 |
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What organism is isolated from the uterus or vaginal discharge of a bitch with pyometra
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a. E. Coli 80 |
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What are the preferred diagnostics for a pyometra
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a. Radiographs/ultrasound 81 |
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What are the recommended treatments for a pyometra
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a. Surgery (OHE) for closed pyometra; antibiotics for 3-4 weeks b. If OHE is not an option,then the surgical option is to drain and lavage the uterus with 5% iodine in a saline solution via transcervical catheterization 82 |
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When are prostaglandins an option for treating a pyometra
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a. Bitches of breeding quality with an open pyometra (serum progesterone should be measured before prostaglandin treatment) 83 |
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Vulvar discharge in the queen is most commonly from what
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a. Uterus 84 |
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What symptoms are seen in dogs with vulvar discharge
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a. Licking of their vulva, vulvar swelling and hyperemia, scooting, pollakuria, recurrent urinary tract infection 85 |
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Vulvar discharge is considered normal in what type of bitches
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a. Intact bitches with uterine discharge (can be estral, cervical mucous, fetal fluids, or locia for up to 4 weeks after parturition 86 |
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What is vaginitis
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a. Inflammation of the mucosa cranial to the vaginovestibular junction; most often presents with purulent and mucopurulent vulvar discharge 87 |
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When are owners most likely going to see puppy vaginitis
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a. 6 weeks to 1 year of age 88 |
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What is the cause for puppy vaginitis
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a. Establishment of a symbiotic relationship with her endogenous bacteria and naïve vagina. May persist for months without detriment to the puppy 89 |
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What can be done to treat puppy vaginitis
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a. Best if nothing is done but if persists for longer than 2 months or seems to be bothering the puppy, can treat with antibiotics based on culture. Debate as to whether spaying puppies after first heat cycle helps prevent issues 90 |
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Adult onset vaginitis is often caused by what
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a. Idiopathic but need to rule out primary infections (brucella) and foreign bodies, urinary incontinence or urine pooling, ascending infections from vestibulitis, tumors, or masses 91 |
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What is vestibulitis
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a. Inlfammation of the vestibule that involves the vaginovestibular junction and is the most common cause for purulent vulvar discharge and vulvar licking 92 |
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What are predisposing factors for vestibulitis
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a. Conformational abnormalities such as hooded vulvas, clitoral hypertrophy, inverted vulvar folds, urinary incontinence 93 |
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What is perivuvlar dermatitis
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a. Inflammation of the skin around the vulva and is frequently caused by atopy or other factors such as conformational issues. Treated by removing underlying cause, treat secondary infections 94 |
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What is the definition of a hooded vulva
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a. Dorsal fold of the vulva envelops and covers more than 1/3 of the lateral vulvar folds 95 |
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What is vestiulovaginal stenosis
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a. Ratio between the maximum vaginal lumen diameter and the diameter of the vaginal lumen at the level of the vaginovestibular junction less than 0.33 96 |
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What are vestibulovaginal bands
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a. Vertical bands at the level of the vaginovestibular junction that are remnants of the embryonic development; can predispose to vaginitis 97 |
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What causes clitoral hypertrophy
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a. Exposure to exogenous progestins or testosterone, postnatal exposure to exogenous androgens or estrogens , irritation, masturbation 98 |
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What are the most common neoplasms affecting the vestibule and the vagina
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a. Fibromas, polyps, leiomyomas, transmissible venereal tumors 99 |
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What virus is self-limiting but can cause vesicular lesions of the vagina or vestibule
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a. Canine herpesvirus 100 |
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What is the only primary bacterial pathogen of the canine urogenital tract that is an intracellular, gram-negative coccobacillus
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a. Brucella canis 101 |
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What type of mycoplasma organism carries more virulence factors and may play a role in infertility
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a. Mycoplasma with sialidase production 102 |
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What are the treatments recommended for mycoplasma
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a. Doxycycline or Enrofloxacin; probiotics 103 |
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What are the benefits associated with early neutering
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a. Quicker recovery and shorter surgery time b. Fewer surgical complications are typically reported c. Cats: decreased incidence of asthma and gingivitis, abscesses d. Decreased unwanted behaviors such as spraying, aggression 104 |
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What behavioral issues have been associated with early neutering
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a. Increased shyness, increased noise phobias 105 |
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What musculoskeletal issues can be caused by early neutering
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a. Increased physeal growth and possibly lead to hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate rupture 106 |
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What urogenital issues may arise from early neutering
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a. Increased rate of cystitis, urinary incontinence, increased risk of paraphimosis |
