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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abraham – The Father of Nations
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Is considered the Patriarch of Judaism and Islam, and the ancestor of Jesus of Nazareth.
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Alexander the Great/Hellenism
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The Greek king of Macedon from 336–323 BC who is best remembered for spreading Greek culture to the lands that he conquered. Hellenism – the imitation or adoption of ancient Greek culture or ideals, especially after the time of Alexander the Great.
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Apocrypha
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Comes from the Greek word meaning “hidden,” now used in the sense of “closed out” of the Bible. These gospels are viewed as “pseudepigrapha,” from a Greek word meaning “falsely inscribed” (i.e., not written by the author named in the book), and are considered to be less reliable than the four biblical Gospels for accurate knowledge about Jesus.
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Apostle Paul
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Was a Jew who referred to himself as the "Apostle to the Gentiles". According to the Acts of the Apostles, his conversion to faith in Jesus took place in a profound life-changing experience on the road to Damascus. He is considered among the most notable of early Christian leaders. He was also a Roman citizen. Thirteen epistles, or letters, in the New Testament are attributed to Paul. His leadership, influence and legacy led to the formation of communities dominated by gentile groups that adhered to the Judaic "moral code" but relaxed or abandoned the "ritual" obligations of the Mosaic law on the basis of the life and works of Jesus Christ and the New Covenant. These communities eventually formed Christianity, in the split of early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism.
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Apostle Peter
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An early Christian leader, who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. Peter was the son of John or of Jonah, and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee. Peter is venerated in multiple churches, and is regarded as the first Pope by the Roman Catholic Church. At the hand of Nero, he is said to have been put to death. He wrote two Catholic epistles. The Gospel of Mark is also ascribed to him (as Mark was his disciple and interpreter). On the other hand, several books – the Acts, Gospel, Preaching, Revelation, and Judgment of Peter – are rejected by Christians as Apocryphal. According to New Testament accounts, he was one of Twelve Apostles, chosen by Jesus from his first disciples. He was a fisherman assigned a leadership role by Jesus and was with Jesus during events witnessed by only a few Apostles, such as the Transfiguration.
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Christian Apologists: Justin Martyr and Tertullian
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Justin Martyr was an early Christian apologist and saint. His works represent the earliest surviving Christian "apologies" of notable size. Tertullian was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He is the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity". Though conservative, he did originate and advance new theology to the early Church. He is perhaps most famous for being the oldest extant Latin writer to use the term Trinity (Latin trinitas),[4] and giving the oldest extant formal exposition of a Trinitarian theology.
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Christian Humanism
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It is a philosophical union of Christian and humanist principles. (How can you get a person to be everything that God intended them to be? Adding to the world by brining to it your view of how you want the world to work).
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Closing of the New Testament canon (4th C.)
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In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of exactly the same books as what would become the New Testament canon, and he used the word "canonized" (kanonizomena) in regards to them. The African Synod of Hippo, in 393, approved the New Testament, as it stands today, together with the Septuagint books, a decision that was confirmed by Councils of Carthage in 397 and 419. These councils were under the authority of St. Augustine, who regarded the canon as already closed. Pope Damascus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above, or if not the list is at least a sixth century compilation. Likewise, Damascus’s commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, circa 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West. In 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse. When these bishops and councils spoke on the matter, however, they were not defining something new, but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the church."
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Closing of the Old Testament canon (16th C.)
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It was the exigencies of controversy that first led Luther to draw a sharp line between the books of the Hebrew Canon and the Alexandrian writings. In his disputation with Eck at Leipzig, in 1519, when his opponent urged the well-known text from II Maccabees in proof of the doctrine of purgatory, Luther replied that the passage had no binding authority since the books was outside the Canon. In the first edition of Luther's Bible, 1534, the deuterons were relegated, as Apocrypha, to a separate place between the two Testaments. To meet this radical departure of the Protestants, and as well define clearly the inspired sources from which the Catholic Faith draws its defense, the Council of Trent among its first acts solemnly declared as "sacred and canonical" all the books of the Old and New Testaments "with all their parts as they have been used to be read in the churches, and as found in the ancient vulgate edition". During the deliberations of the Council there never was any real question as to the reception of all the traditional Scripture. Neither--and this is remarkable--in the proceedings is there manifest any serious doubt of the canonicity of the disputed writings. In the mind of the Tridentate Fathers they had been virtually canonized, by the same decree of Florence, and the same Fathers felt especially bound by the action of the preceding ecumenical synod. The Council of Trent did not enter into an examination of the fluctuations in the history of the Canon. Neither did it trouble itself about questions of authorship or character of contents. True to the practical genius of the Latin Church, it based its decision on immemorial tradition as manifested in the decrees of previous councils and popes, and liturgical reading, relying on traditional teaching and usage to determine a question of tradition.
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Constantine the Great
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Was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire. Constantine also transformed the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium into a new imperial residence, Constantinople, which would be the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand years.
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Council of Nicea
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Constantine sought to unify the church in its theology. He called the Council of Nicea in 325 to establish the correct teachings of the church about God and Christ. Christian leaders who refused to accept the teachings of Nicea were excommunicated (forced to leave the church). This unification of church and state had a major influence on the development of Christianity over the centuries. This was the first time that the leaders of the Christian Church met together in one place.
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Covenants: Abramic and Mosaic
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The Abrahamic covenant (found in Genesis 15-17) - To your descendants I give this land, from the Wadi of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates. (his – Abraham – offspring will have many offspring) Mosaic covenant – God delivers the commandments and leads the Jews out of Egypt.
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David
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The second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. He is depicted as a righteous king, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms. Edwin Thiele dates his life to c.1040–970 BC, his reign over Judah c. 1010–1003 BC, and his reign over the united Kingdom of Israel c. 1003–970 BC. The Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, and 1 Chronicles are the only source of information on his life and reign. David's life is particularly important to Jewish, Christian, and Islamic culture. In Judaism, David, or Melekh David, is the King of Israel, and the Jewish people. A direct descendant of David will be the Mashiach. In Christianity David is known as an ancestor of Jesus' adoptive father Joseph, and in Islam, he is known as Dawood,considered to be a prophet and the king of a nation.
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Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in 70 A.D.
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Titus ended four years of Jewish resistance by destroying all but the western wall.
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Diaspora
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Refers to a period of ‘scattering’ when people are forcibly dispersed and sent into other territories and lands.
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Edict of Milan in (313 A.D.)
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The letter signed by Constantine proclaiming religious tolerance.
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Erasmus of Rotterdam
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Was a Dutch Renaissance humanist and a Catholic priest and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a "pure" Latin style and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists." He has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists." Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works. Erasmus lived through the Reformation period and he consistently criticized some contemporary popular Christian beliefs. In relation to clerical abuses in the Church, Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will, which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.
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Exodus of Hebrews from Egypt
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The story of the Jews departure from the Israelites from ancient Egypt as described in the book of Exodus.
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First Crusade
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The First Crusade was a military expedition from 1096 to 1099 by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem. It was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia. An additional goal soon became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. The First Crusade was part of the Christian response to the Muslim conquests, and was followed by the Second Crusade to the Ninth Crusade, but the gains made lasted for less than 200 years. It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West since the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic and English names and concepts)
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According to Shia Islam, the five basic pillars are as follow: Monotheism - God is one and unique. Justice - the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics. Prophethood - the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide mankind. Leadership - A divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (Imams) are divinely appointed. Last Judgment - God's final assessment of humanity.
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Genres of Biblical Literature:
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Historical - narrative/epic: Genesis and the first half of Exodus, Numbers, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Jonah. Law - the last half of Exodus; also Leviticus, Deuteronomy. Wisdom - Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes. Poetry - Psalms, Song of Solomon, Lamentations. Prophecy - Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Gospel - Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and possibly Acts. Epistle - Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, Jude
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Gnosis
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Is the spiritual knowledge of a saint or mystically enlightened human being. It indicates direct spiritual experiential knowledge and intuitive knowledge, mystic rather than that from rational or reasoned thinking. (the idea that secret knowledge will get you into heaven).
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Great Awakening
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A religious revival in American religious history. Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of Great Awakening occurring from the early 18th century to the late 20th century, each characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase of interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, a jump in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.
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Gutenberg Bible
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The first major book printed with a movable type printing press, marking the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of the printed book. It is an edition of the Vulgate, printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the 1450s.
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Ishmael
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The first son of Abraham. Along with his mother, Hagar, he was sent away by his father in preference for his younger brother.
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Isaac
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Was the only son of Abraham and his wife Sarah. He was the father of Jacob and Esau. He is one of the three patriarchs of the Jewish people.
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Jacob
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Was the third patriarch of the Jewish people whom God made a covenant with. He is the son of Isaac.
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Jerusalem
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Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
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Jesus
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Is considered by Christians to be the Messiah, God’s chosen messenger for the salvation of the world.
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John Calvin
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The leader of the Reformation in Geneva. He carried Protestantism one step further than Luther by following only what was in the scriptures. If it wasn’t in the scripture it wasn’t practiced. Reform (Calvinists) churches are stripped down with no stained glass or statues. Some don’t allow instruments or singing.
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John Wesley
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Was a Church of England cleric and Christian theologian. Largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching in a similar manner to George Whitefield. In contrast to George Whitefield's Calvinism, Wesley embraced the Arminian doctrines that were dominant in the 18th-century Church of England. Methodism in both forms was a highly successful evangelical movement in the United Kingdom, which encouraged people to experience Jesus Christ personally. Wesley's writing and preaching’s provided the seeds for both the modern Methodist movement and the Holiness movement, which encompass numerous denominations across the world. In addition, he refined Arminianism with a strong evangelical emphasis on the Reformed doctrine of justification by faith.
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Jonathan Edwards
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Was a preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. He is often associated with his defense of Reformed theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Edwards played a very critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening, and oversaw some of the first fires of revival in 1733–1735 at his church in Northampton, Massachusetts.
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Martin Luther
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A devout Catholic monk who wrote the 95 theses upon realizing the level of corruption in the church. He started a revolution that led to the creation of the Lutheran church which is based off of Catholicism but only takes what is told in the scriptures into account.
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Mecca
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A city in Saudi Arabia which is considered to be the holiest city in Islam.
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Mohammed / Prophet Mohammed
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Was the founder of the religion of Islam, and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God, the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet as taught by the Qur'an.
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Monotheism
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Only worshiping one god.
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Moses
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Is the great liberator of the ancient Jewish people who delivered the Ten Commandments from Mount Sinai.
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Mystery Cults
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Religious cults of the Greco-Roman world, participation in which was reserved to initiates. The main characterization of this religion is the secrecy associated with the particulars of the initiation and the cult practice, which may not be revealed to outsiders. Christianity, in as much as participation in its religious life is open only to the baptized, is a mystery religion. Its central theology and ritual being available, and indeed actively preached, it had many parallels to the popular mystery cults in terms of terminology (salvation, resurrection, eternal life) and in the particulars of the performance of initiation and ritual (the sacraments).
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New Testament
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The second half to the Bible (Christian holy text) which is based upon the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It consists of four gospels, some epistles and letters.
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Old Testament
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The first half of the Bible that tells the story of God and his people which contains laws, stories and poems.
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Pentateuch
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TheTorah (five books of Moses – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy).
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Pope Gregory the Great
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Well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope. He was the first of the popes to come from a monastic background. Gregory is a Doctor of the Church and one of the six Latin Fathers. He is considered a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and some Lutheran churches. Immediately after his death, Gregory was canonized by popular acclaim. He is the patron saint of musicians, singers, students, and teachers.
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Pope Leo the Great
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He was an Italian aristocrat, and is the first pope of the Catholic Church to have been called "the Great". He is perhaps best known for having met Attila the Hun in 452, persuading him to turn back from his invasion of Italy. He is also a doctor of the Church.
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Pope Urban II
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He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–1099) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church.
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Prophet
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In religion, a prophet is an individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and serves as an intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the supernatural entity to other people.
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Quran
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Is the religious text of Islam. It is widely regarded as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language. Muslims hold that the Qur’an is the verbal divine guidance and moral direction for mankind. Muslims also consider the original Arabic verbal text to be the final revelation of God. Muslims believe that the Qur’an was repeatedly revealed from Allah to Muhammad verbally through the angel Gabriel over a period of approximately twenty-three years.
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Rabbi
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The teacher who leads the Jewish congregation.
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Rabbinic Judaism
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Refers to the period after the destructions of the Jewish Temple when emphasis shifted to the synagogue and communities of the faithful.
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Reformation
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The European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestants. The self-described "reformers" (who "protested") objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, and created new national Protestant churches.
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Renaissance
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Was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.
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Roman institutions that aided spread of Christianity
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Roads, Military Security, Laws, Trade Routes, Political Stability, Common Currency, Greek Language for Trade, Latin Language for Law, Common Legal System.
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Rome
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Seat of the Papacy, center of the Renaissance (behind Florence). The church became the government of the west – modeling after the Roman empire.
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Sacraments: Baptism
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Baptism – A practice that represents a public declaration of faith. Here, the believer is partially or fully covered with water as a sign of new life in Christ and the regeneration of faith.
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Sacraments: Confirmation
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Confirmation – A practice whereby a Christian, baptized as an infant, publicly acknowledges acceptance of the baptism.
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Sacraments: Eucharist (Mass)
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Eucharist (Mass) – Also known as Holy Communion or the Lord’s Supper. This ritual is a holy meal of bread and wine, symbolizing the body and blood of Christ.
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Sacraments: Confession (Penance)
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Confession (Penance) –This is the personal acknowledgement of sin, either in private or public.
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Sacraments: Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction)
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Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction) – The practice of anointing the seriously ill with oil, accompanied by prayers for healing.
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Sacraments: Ordination (holy orders)
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Ordination (holy orders) – Ordination to the office of deacon, priest or bishop.
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Sacraments: Marriage
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Marriage – Holy matrimony.
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Sacraments: *Foot washing
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*Foot washing – A practice of washing the feet of fellow Christians, symbolizing humility and the servant hood of Christ.
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Septuagint
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The Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures.
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Solomon
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The son of King David. He is known for his wisdom, and as the builder of the first great Jewish temple in Jerusalem.
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TaNaK
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Is a name used in Judaism for the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh is also known as the Masoretic Text or the Miqra. The name is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings")—hence TaNaKh. The name "Miqra" (מקרא), meaning "that which is read", is an alternative Hebrew term for the Tanakh.
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Temple Judaism
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The period of early Judaism when religious life centered around worship in Jerusalem under the leadership of the priestly tribe of Levi.
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Ten Commandments
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A list of religious and moral imperatives that were given by God to the people of Israel from the mountain referred to as Mount Sinai. 1. You shall have no other gods. 2. You shall not worship graven images. 3. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain. 4. Remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy. 5. Honor your father and your mother. 6. You shall not murder. 7. You shall not commit adultery. 8. You shall not steal. 9. You shall not bear false witness. 10. You shall not covet.
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Thomas Aquinas
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Italian priest of the Catholic Church in the Dominican Order, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus (the Angelic Doctor) and Doctor Communis or Doctor Universalis (the Common or Universal Doctor). He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy and theology. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived as a reaction against, or as an agreement with his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law and political theory. Thomas is held in the Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood. The works for which he is best-known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles. One of the 33 Doctors of the Church, he is considered the Church's greatest theologian and philosopher.
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Torah
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Is also known as the Books of Moses and the Pentateuch. It is a group of five books – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
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Ulrich Zwingli
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An early Protestant, whose ideas for reformation developed about the same time as Luther’s. Zwingli brought the Reformation to the important Swiss town of Zurich. His work as a reformer was cut short when he was killed defending Zurich against an attack by a neighboring Swiss canton. However, this influence on the Reformation remains significant, particularly because of its impact upon its followers.
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Vatican II
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A council, of over 2000, started by Pope John XXIII aimed at bringing the church up to date. This took place over a period of three years (1962-65) and ended with Pope Paul VI.
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Vulgate translation by St. Jerome
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A late 4th-century Latin version of the Bible, and largely the result of the labors of St Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations. Ultimately it became the definitive and officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible in the Roman Catholic Church.
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Order these according to the ecclesiastical year:
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"Advent – December (purple)
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Order these according to the ecclesiastical year:
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"Advent – December (purple)
Christmas – December (white) Epiphany – January (white) Lent (Ash Wednesday) – March (purple) Lent (Good Friday) – April (black or red) Easter – April (white) Pentecost – June (red) " |
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Abraham – The Father of Nations
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Is considered the Patriarch of Judaism and Islam, and the ancestor of Jesus of Nazareth.
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Alexander the Great/Hellenism
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The Greek king of Macedon from 336–323 BC who is best remembered for spreading Greek culture to the lands that he conquered. Hellenism – the imitation or adoption of ancient Greek culture or ideals, especially after the time of Alexander the Great.
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Apocrypha
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Comes from the Greek word meaning “hidden,” now used in the sense of “closed out” of the Bible. These gospels are viewed as “pseudepigrapha,” from a Greek word meaning “falsely inscribed” (i.e., not written by the author named in the book), and are considered to be less reliable than the four biblical Gospels for accurate knowledge about Jesus.
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Apostle Paul
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Was a Jew who referred to himself as the "Apostle to the Gentiles". According to the Acts of the Apostles, his conversion to faith in Jesus took place in a profound life-changing experience on the road to Damascus. He is considered among the most notable of early Christian leaders. He was also a Roman citizen. Thirteen epistles, or letters, in the New Testament are attributed to Paul. His leadership, influence and legacy led to the formation of communities dominated by gentile groups that adhered to the Judaic "moral code" but relaxed or abandoned the "ritual" obligations of the Mosaic law on the basis of the life and works of Jesus Christ and the New Covenant. These communities eventually formed Christianity, in the split of early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism.
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Apostle Peter
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An early Christian leader, who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. Peter was the son of John or of Jonah, and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee. Peter is venerated in multiple churches, and is regarded as the first Pope by the Roman Catholic Church. At the hand of Nero, he is said to have been put to death. He wrote two Catholic epistles. The Gospel of Mark is also ascribed to him (as Mark was his disciple and interpreter). On the other hand, several books – the Acts, Gospel, Preaching, Revelation, and Judgment of Peter – are rejected by Christians as Apocryphal. According to New Testament accounts, he was one of Twelve Apostles, chosen by Jesus from his first disciples. He was a fisherman assigned a leadership role by Jesus and was with Jesus during events witnessed by only a few Apostles, such as the Transfiguration.
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Christian Apologists: Justin Martyr and Tertullian
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Justin Martyr was an early Christian apologist and saint. His works represent the earliest surviving Christian "apologies" of notable size. Tertullian was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He is the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity". Though conservative, he did originate and advance new theology to the early Church. He is perhaps most famous for being the oldest extant Latin writer to use the term Trinity (Latin trinitas),[4] and giving the oldest extant formal exposition of a Trinitarian theology.
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Christian Humanism
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It is a philosophical union of Christian and humanist principles. (How can you get a person to be everything that God intended them to be? Adding to the world by brining to it your view of how you want the world to work).
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Closing of the New Testament canon (4th C.)
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In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of exactly the same books as what would become the New Testament canon, and he used the word "canonized" (kanonizomena) in regards to them. The African Synod of Hippo, in 393, approved the New Testament, as it stands today, together with the Septuagint books, a decision that was confirmed by Councils of Carthage in 397 and 419. These councils were under the authority of St. Augustine, who regarded the canon as already closed. Pope Damascus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above, or if not the list is at least a sixth century compilation. Likewise, Damascus’s commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, circa 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West. In 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse. When these bishops and councils spoke on the matter, however, they were not defining something new, but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the church."
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Closing of the Old Testament canon (16th C.)
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It was the exigencies of controversy that first led Luther to draw a sharp line between the books of the Hebrew Canon and the Alexandrian writings. In his disputation with Eck at Leipzig, in 1519, when his opponent urged the well-known text from II Maccabees in proof of the doctrine of purgatory, Luther replied that the passage had no binding authority since the books was outside the Canon. In the first edition of Luther's Bible, 1534, the deuterons were relegated, as Apocrypha, to a separate place between the two Testaments. To meet this radical departure of the Protestants, and as well define clearly the inspired sources from which the Catholic Faith draws its defense, the Council of Trent among its first acts solemnly declared as "sacred and canonical" all the books of the Old and New Testaments "with all their parts as they have been used to be read in the churches, and as found in the ancient vulgate edition". During the deliberations of the Council there never was any real question as to the reception of all the traditional Scripture. Neither--and this is remarkable--in the proceedings is there manifest any serious doubt of the canonicity of the disputed writings. In the mind of the Tridentate Fathers they had been virtually canonized, by the same decree of Florence, and the same Fathers felt especially bound by the action of the preceding ecumenical synod. The Council of Trent did not enter into an examination of the fluctuations in the history of the Canon. Neither did it trouble itself about questions of authorship or character of contents. True to the practical genius of the Latin Church, it based its decision on immemorial tradition as manifested in the decrees of previous councils and popes, and liturgical reading, relying on traditional teaching and usage to determine a question of tradition.
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Constantine the Great
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Was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire. Constantine also transformed the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium into a new imperial residence, Constantinople, which would be the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand years.
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Council of Nicea
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Constantine sought to unify the church in its theology. He called the Council of Nicea in 325 to establish the correct teachings of the church about God and Christ. Christian leaders who refused to accept the teachings of Nicea were excommunicated (forced to leave the church). This unification of church and state had a major influence on the development of Christianity over the centuries. This was the first time that the leaders of the Christian Church met together in one place.
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Covenants: Abramic and Mosaic
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The Abrahamic covenant (found in Genesis 15-17) - To your descendants I give this land, from the Wadi of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates. (his – Abraham – offspring will have many offspring) Mosaic covenant – God delivers the commandments and leads the Jews out of Egypt.
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David
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The second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. He is depicted as a righteous king, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms. Edwin Thiele dates his life to c.1040–970 BC, his reign over Judah c. 1010–1003 BC, and his reign over the united Kingdom of Israel c. 1003–970 BC. The Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, and 1 Chronicles are the only source of information on his life and reign. David's life is particularly important to Jewish, Christian, and Islamic culture. In Judaism, David, or Melekh David, is the King of Israel, and the Jewish people. A direct descendant of David will be the Mashiach. In Christianity David is known as an ancestor of Jesus' adoptive father Joseph, and in Islam, he is known as Dawood,considered to be a prophet and the king of a nation.
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Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in 70 A.D.
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Titus ended four years of Jewish resistance by destroying all but the western wall.
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Diaspora
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Refers to a period of ‘scattering’ when people are forcibly dispersed and sent into other territories and lands.
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Edict of Milan in (313 A.D.)
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The letter signed by Constantine proclaiming religious tolerance.
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Erasmus of Rotterdam
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Was a Dutch Renaissance humanist and a Catholic priest and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a "pure" Latin style and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists." He has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists." Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works. Erasmus lived through the Reformation period and he consistently criticized some contemporary popular Christian beliefs. In relation to clerical abuses in the Church, Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will, which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.
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Exodus of Hebrews from Egypt
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The story of the Jews departure from the Israelites from ancient Egypt as described in the book of Exodus.
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First Crusade
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The First Crusade was a military expedition from 1096 to 1099 by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem. It was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia. An additional goal soon became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. The First Crusade was part of the Christian response to the Muslim conquests, and was followed by the Second Crusade to the Ninth Crusade, but the gains made lasted for less than 200 years. It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West since the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic and English names and concepts)
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According to Shia Islam, the five basic pillars are as follow: Monotheism - God is one and unique. Justice - the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics. Prophethood - the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide mankind. Leadership - A divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (Imams) are divinely appointed. Last Judgment - God's final assessment of humanity.
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Genres of Biblical Literature:
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Historical - narrative/epic: Genesis and the first half of Exodus, Numbers, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Jonah. Law - the last half of Exodus; also Leviticus, Deuteronomy. Wisdom - Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes. Poetry - Psalms, Song of Solomon, Lamentations. Prophecy - Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Gospel - Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and possibly Acts. Epistle - Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, Jude
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Gnosis
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Is the spiritual knowledge of a saint or mystically enlightened human being. It indicates direct spiritual experiential knowledge and intuitive knowledge, mystic rather than that from rational or reasoned thinking. (the idea that secret knowledge will get you into heaven).
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Great Awakening
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A religious revival in American religious history. Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of Great Awakening occurring from the early 18th century to the late 20th century, each characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase of interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, a jump in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.
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Gutenberg Bible
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The first major book printed with a movable type printing press, marking the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of the printed book. It is an edition of the Vulgate, printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the 1450s.
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Ishmael
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The first son of Abraham. Along with his mother, Hagar, he was sent away by his father in preference for his younger brother.
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Isaac
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Was the only son of Abraham and his wife Sarah. He was the father of Jacob and Esau. He is one of the three patriarchs of the Jewish people.
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Jacob
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Was the third patriarch of the Jewish people whom God made a covenant with. He is the son of Isaac.
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Jerusalem
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Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
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Jesus
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Is considered by Christians to be the Messiah, God’s chosen messenger for the salvation of the world.
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John Calvin
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The leader of the Reformation in Geneva. He carried Protestantism one step further than Luther by following only what was in the scriptures. If it wasn’t in the scripture it wasn’t practiced. Reform (Calvinists) churches are stripped down with no stained glass or statues. Some don’t allow instruments or singing.
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John Wesley
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Was a Church of England cleric and Christian theologian. Largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching in a similar manner to George Whitefield. In contrast to George Whitefield's Calvinism, Wesley embraced the Arminian doctrines that were dominant in the 18th-century Church of England. Methodism in both forms was a highly successful evangelical movement in the United Kingdom, which encouraged people to experience Jesus Christ personally. Wesley's writing and preaching’s provided the seeds for both the modern Methodist movement and the Holiness movement, which encompass numerous denominations across the world. In addition, he refined Arminianism with a strong evangelical emphasis on the Reformed doctrine of justification by faith.
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Jonathan Edwards
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Was a preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. He is often associated with his defense of Reformed theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Edwards played a very critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening, and oversaw some of the first fires of revival in 1733–1735 at his church in Northampton, Massachusetts.
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Martin Luther
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A devout Catholic monk who wrote the 95 theses upon realizing the level of corruption in the church. He started a revolution that led to the creation of the Lutheran church which is based off of Catholicism but only takes what is told in the scriptures into account.
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Mecca
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A city in Saudi Arabia which is considered to be the holiest city in Islam.
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Mohammed / Prophet Mohammed
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Was the founder of the religion of Islam, and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God, the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet as taught by the Qur'an.
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Monotheism
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Only worshiping one god.
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Moses
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Is the great liberator of the ancient Jewish people who delivered the Ten Commandments from Mount Sinai.
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Mystery Cults
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Religious cults of the Greco-Roman world, participation in which was reserved to initiates. The main characterization of this religion is the secrecy associated with the particulars of the initiation and the cult practice, which may not be revealed to outsiders. Christianity, in as much as participation in its religious life is open only to the baptized, is a mystery religion. Its central theology and ritual being available, and indeed actively preached, it had many parallels to the popular mystery cults in terms of terminology (salvation, resurrection, eternal life) and in the particulars of the performance of initiation and ritual (the sacraments).
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New Testament
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The second half to the Bible (Christian holy text) which is based upon the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It consists of four gospels, some epistles and letters.
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Old Testament
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The first half of the Bible that tells the story of God and his people which contains laws, stories and poems.
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Pentateuch
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TheTorah (five books of Moses – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy).
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Pope Gregory the Great
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Well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope. He was the first of the popes to come from a monastic background. Gregory is a Doctor of the Church and one of the six Latin Fathers. He is considered a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and some Lutheran churches. Immediately after his death, Gregory was canonized by popular acclaim. He is the patron saint of musicians, singers, students, and teachers.
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Pope Leo the Great
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He was an Italian aristocrat, and is the first pope of the Catholic Church to have been called "the Great". He is perhaps best known for having met Attila the Hun in 452, persuading him to turn back from his invasion of Italy. He is also a doctor of the Church.
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Pope Urban II
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He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–1099) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church.
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Prophet
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In religion, a prophet is an individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and serves as an intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the supernatural entity to other people.
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Quran
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Is the religious text of Islam. It is widely regarded as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language. Muslims hold that the Qur’an is the verbal divine guidance and moral direction for mankind. Muslims also consider the original Arabic verbal text to be the final revelation of God. Muslims believe that the Qur’an was repeatedly revealed from Allah to Muhammad verbally through the angel Gabriel over a period of approximately twenty-three years.
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Rabbi
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The teacher who leads the Jewish congregation.
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Rabbinic Judaism
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Refers to the period after the destructions of the Jewish Temple when emphasis shifted to the synagogue and communities of the faithful.
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Reformation
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The European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestants. The self-described "reformers" (who "protested") objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, and created new national Protestant churches.
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Renaissance
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Was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.
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Roman institutions that aided spread of Christianity
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Roads, Military Security, Laws, Trade Routes, Political Stability, Common Currency, Greek Language for Trade, Latin Language for Law, Common Legal System.
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Rome
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Seat of the Papacy, center of the Renaissance (behind Florence). The church became the government of the west – modeling after the Roman empire.
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Sacraments: Baptism
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Baptism – A practice that represents a public declaration of faith. Here, the believer is partially or fully covered with water as a sign of new life in Christ and the regeneration of faith.
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Sacraments: Confirmation
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Confirmation – A practice whereby a Christian, baptized as an infant, publicly acknowledges acceptance of the baptism.
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Sacraments: Eucharist (Mass)
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Eucharist (Mass) – Also known as Holy Communion or the Lord’s Supper. This ritual is a holy meal of bread and wine, symbolizing the body and blood of Christ.
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Sacraments: Confession (Penance)
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Confession (Penance) –This is the personal acknowledgement of sin, either in private or public.
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Sacraments: Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction)
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Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction) – The practice of anointing the seriously ill with oil, accompanied by prayers for healing.
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Sacraments: Ordination (holy orders)
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Ordination (holy orders) – Ordination to the office of deacon, priest or bishop.
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Sacraments: Marriage
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Marriage – Holy matrimony.
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Sacraments: *Foot washing
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*Foot washing – A practice of washing the feet of fellow Christians, symbolizing humility and the servant hood of Christ.
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Septuagint
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The Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures.
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Solomon
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The son of King David. He is known for his wisdom, and as the builder of the first great Jewish temple in Jerusalem.
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TaNaK
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Is a name used in Judaism for the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh is also known as the Masoretic Text or the Miqra. The name is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings")—hence TaNaKh. The name "Miqra" (מקרא), meaning "that which is read", is an alternative Hebrew term for the Tanakh.
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Temple Judaism
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The period of early Judaism when religious life centered around worship in Jerusalem under the leadership of the priestly tribe of Levi.
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Ten Commandments
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A list of religious and moral imperatives that were given by God to the people of Israel from the mountain referred to as Mount Sinai. 1. You shall have no other gods. 2. You shall not worship graven images. 3. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain. 4. Remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy. 5. Honor your father and your mother. 6. You shall not murder. 7. You shall not commit adultery. 8. You shall not steal. 9. You shall not bear false witness. 10. You shall not covet.
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Thomas Aquinas
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Italian priest of the Catholic Church in the Dominican Order, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus (the Angelic Doctor) and Doctor Communis or Doctor Universalis (the Common or Universal Doctor). He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy and theology. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived as a reaction against, or as an agreement with his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law and political theory. Thomas is held in the Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood. The works for which he is best-known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles. One of the 33 Doctors of the Church, he is considered the Church's greatest theologian and philosopher.
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Torah
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Is also known as the Books of Moses and the Pentateuch. It is a group of five books – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
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Ulrich Zwingli
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An early Protestant, whose ideas for reformation developed about the same time as Luther’s. Zwingli brought the Reformation to the important Swiss town of Zurich. His work as a reformer was cut short when he was killed defending Zurich against an attack by a neighboring Swiss canton. However, this influence on the Reformation remains significant, particularly because of its impact upon its followers.
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Vatican II
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A council, of over 2000, started by Pope John XXIII aimed at bringing the church up to date. This took place over a period of three years (1962-65) and ended with Pope Paul VI.
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Vulgate translation by St. Jerome
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A late 4th-century Latin version of the Bible, and largely the result of the labors of St Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations. Ultimately it became the definitive and officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible in the Roman Catholic Church.
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