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97 Cards in this Set
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The narratives that connect and make the event intelligible |
Geschichte |
German scholars |
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The interpretation of the past, one in which a serious effort has been made to filter out myth and fable (from facts) |
History (Arthir Marwick, The Nature of History) |
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According to him, the content of history is more meaningful than that of the chronicles. |
Benedetto Croce |
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Story of man or a logical narration of the stories in the past which was brought to life once again |
History (His and Story) |
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Writer of history; a student history or one who studies the past. |
Historian |
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History is derived from what word? |
Greek word HISTORIA |
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To know or to see |
Historia |
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Made concepts to understand clearly the definition |
German Scholars |
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Writer of The Nature of History |
Arthur Marwick |
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History according to the book of The Nature of History |
As the interpretation of the past, one in which a serious efforts has been made to filter out myth and fable (from facts) |
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Simple narratives; Arranged in order of time usually without analysis or interpretation |
Chronicles |
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Significant narratives often including an explanation of their causes |
History |
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Process of how the historian recreates |
1. Seek out the records and survival of mankind's past 2. Examine it 3. Imagine how the past looked like 4. Presents the results that do violate the scientific method of writing history |
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According to him, "The historian is not contented to tell merely what happened; he wishes to make us see why what happened; too. In other words, he aims… at a reconstruction of the past which is both intelligent and intelligible." |
W.H. Walsh |
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study of past based on documnts that have survived. |
History |
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Writings of history |
Historiography |
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the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity |
Epistemology |
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of or relating to method or methodology |
Methodologically |
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relating to or concerned with ideas |
Ideologically |
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History is a shifting, problematic discourse, ostensibly about an aspect of the world, the past, that is produced by a group of present-minded workers (overwhelmingly in our culture salaried historians) who go about their work in mutually recognizable ways that are epistemologically, methodologically, ideologically and practically positioned and whose products, once in circulation, are subject to a series of uses and abuses that are logically infinite but which in actuality generally correspond to a range of power bases that exist at any given moment and which structure and distribute the meanings of histories along a dominant-marginal spectrum -Author -Book |
Keith Jenkins Re-Thinking History |
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The classification of historical data according to civilization, country or other territorial unit in which they occur. |
Geographical |
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Ordering information by time sequence and dividing it up into periods. |
Chronological |
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The most meaningful division of the historical picture. |
Topical |
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The five histories under of Topical |
Political History Economic History Social History Cultural and Intellectual Histort Urban and Ethnic History |
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concentrates on governments and rulers and what they accomplish by use of their authority both in relation to the people under their control and in their dealings with other governments and rulers. |
Political History |
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encompasses all the activities involved in producing goods and services — agriculture and industry, trade and transportation, technology and business organization. |
Economic History |
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includes the history of social institutions and relationships (ranging from family to classes of nations), of typical conditions and custom of popular beliefs and movements. |
Social History |
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tends to concentrate on the individual work of leading scholars and artists, but also extends to the realms of religion, education, science, literature and philosophy. |
Cultural and Intellectual History |
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new fields of historical study which maybe shaped in response to the issues and problems that society is experiencing at present. |
Urban and Ethnic History |
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provide information and evidence both for the historian and the students in the study of past. |
Sources of History |
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Classifications of Sources of History |
Primary Source Secondary Source |
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a type of source which came into existence during the actual period pf the past which the historians is studying such as relics and trace by the past. |
Primary Source |
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Varieties of Primary Sources |
Varieties of Primary Sources A. Documents of record 1. Central government sources 2. Local records 3. United Nations 4. Other formal records 5. Private Business records B. Summary and reports 1. Centrally organized 2. Private and individual surveys C. Chronicles and histories D. Family and personal sources E. Polemical documents F. Media communication and artifacts of popular culture G. Guides and works of reference H. Archeology industrial archeology, history on the ground and physical artifacts. I. Literary and artistic sources J. Sources that are techniques as much as sources K. Oral history and oral traditions L. Observed behavior etc. |
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Documents of Record |
1.Central government sources 2. Local records 3. United Nations 4. Other formal records 5. Private Business records |
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Summary and Reports |
1. Centrally organized 2. Private and individual surveys |
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Evaluation of Primary Sources |
1. Where did the source come from? 2. When exactly was the source produced? 3.what type of source is it? 4. How far is the author if the source really in a good position to provide first hand into on the particular topic the historian is interested in? 5. how exactly was the document understood by contemporaries? |
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These are accounts written later by historians looking back upon a period in the past. A. Books B. Encyclopedia C. magazine D.newspapers E. Pamphlets F. Typescripts G. Articles H. Journals etc. |
Secondary Source |
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Categories of Historical Writing |
1. Text book 2. Doctoral Dissertation 3. Synthetic Works 4. Formal Writing -Interpretative Essays -Book Review 5. Research Paper |
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The most pervasive on college campuses, contains general introductory accounts. It functions as a place to begin and ad a sort of reference work. |
Text book |
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Serves as a launch pad for aspiring scholars. They come into being including experience at the end of graduate school and mark the a professional career. |
Doctoral Dissertation |
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It is usually an outgrown of the author's own specialized labors in the that kind of book also draws extensively on the research of others and the subject under discussion in board and accessible terms. |
Synthetic Works |
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It calls for a reasoned to a question of some sort, presented with proper regard for the rules of logic and evidence. the exercise place in the class as an easy examination or outside as a take home. |
Formal Writing (Interpretative Essay) |
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It calls for an appraisal of a work published by a practicing should describe the contents of the book and should develop a situation. |
Formal Writing (Book Review) |
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System and demanding test, often elicits a panicked response. It provides solution to a problem |
Research Paper |
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Attempts to clarify the nature of the historian's own inquiry. Criticizes the fundamental beliefs of the historian |
--- philosophy of History |
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• the writings of most of the classical philosophers if history such as Augustine, Vico, Kant, herder, Hegel etc. • it attempts to discover if there is any pattern or meaning to history as a whole. |
Speculative Philosophy of History |
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Patterns of History |
Linear Cyclical Spiral Chaotic Eclectic |
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History has a goal or and toward which it is moving. Everything that had happened in the past is in accordance with God's plan . Man progresses everyday in whatever way. Popularized by st. Augustine, Immanuel Kant, Auguste Comte etc.
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Linear |
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History continuously repeats itself. Followed in the Hegelian dialectics and Marx's Economic Determinism and Nietzche doctrine of Eternal Recurrence. Popularized by the ancient Stoics, Nietzche, Hegel ,Marx etc. |
Cyclical |
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Combination of linear and Cyclical While there is a certain repetition in history, there is also progress towards some goal. Popularized by Vico, Spengler etc. |
Spiral |
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•There is no pattern in history •history has no pattern or meaning •history happens because they are meant to happen |
Chaotic |
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combination of the different patterns of history. |
Eclectic |
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Acceptance with God's plan |
Providential Theory (Linear) |
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Man progresses everyday in whatever way |
Law of Indefinite Progress (Linear) |
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Linear popularized by |
St. Augustine Emmanuel Kant Auguste Comte Etc. |
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Cyclical popularized by |
Ancient Stoics Nietzche Hegel Marx |
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Spiral popularized by |
Vico Spengler Etc |
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"The City of God" |
St. Augustine (354-430) |
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Believe that history is one aspect of the world created by God. it encompasses the life if all mankind; it is universal history. |
St. Augustine (354-430) |
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As a work of creation, history has a beginning and its beginning is contained by ________, the seed of its development and it's end. |
Divine Providence (St. Augustine) |
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God's plan makes history significant and meaningful. ___________ of history is that he derives it not from the history itself but rather from the Christian Scriptures. |
St. Augustine (354-430)Augustine's Philosophy of History |
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The New Science |
Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) (Science Nuova) |
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Believes that the general pattern in history is the same but the particular events will differ. |
Giambattista Vico |
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The general pattern in history is the same but the particular events will differ. |
Giambattista Vico |
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The Providence of God makes history move. |
Giambattista Vico |
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The truth and the created are identical. One can know something with certitude only when he has made it. |
Verum Factum (Giambattista Vico) |
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Who wishes to discover it there is a universal law of history that governs the past. He desires to see how this law is reflected in the history of particular peoples. |
Giambattista Vico |
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Idea of a Universal History" |
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) |
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The real entity of history is not man as individual but mankind. If there is no plan to history, we are no longer justified in believing in providence ; and without trust in providence... Then we no longer have any basis for living a moral life.
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Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804) |
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Man needs to live together yet there is a pull to individualism that threatens to destroy society |
(unsocial sociability of men) |
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The linear view of history permits us to look optimistically toward a future in which mankind will progress toward an international state of rational law and peace. |
Immanuel Kant |
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ideas toward a philosophy of the history of man" |
Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803)-" |
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history is a natural phenomenon. God does not interfere in human history. Each culture is unique and should not be compared to others. whatever happens to man is determined by condition of his environment. The goal of history is humanity |
Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803)-" |
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G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) |
Lectures on the Philosophy of History |
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History is a record of how the human spirit (expressed in freedom) we developed or evolved out of nature. The passions of men are the main spring of history. History happens by the will of man. All history is the history of thought. |
G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) |
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theory of Dialectic – Thesis Synthesis : Anti – Thesis |
Hegel |
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“Communist Manifesto” (Historical Materialism and Economic Determinism) |
Karl Marx (1818-1883) |
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All aspects of man’s life are determined by the ways in which man makes a living. The most important factor in explaining man’s present or past history is an economic one. |
Karl Marx (1818-1883) |
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The whole history of mankind is the history of class struggle |
(“Haves” versus “Have-Nots”). Karl Marx (1818-1883) |
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The pattern of history is spiral the continuing struggle between the “___” and the “______” and the preparation towards a classless society _______ |
Karl Marx (1818-1883) Haves Haves not Communism |
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Decline of the West |
Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) |
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Oswald The basic units of history are _____ Culture is _____; _____ The purpose of the philosophy of history is to set a __________. Each culture went through a cycle i.e. cultures ____, ____, ____ and ____ |
Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) Cultures Self-contained No-interdependence Morphology of cultures Born, grow, weaken and die. |
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Cycle of life according to Oswald Spengler |
Born Grow Weaken Die |
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A Study of History |
Arnold Toynbee (1881-) |
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It grows by responding to a series of challenges. |
Arnold Toynbee (1881) Civilizations |
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Every civilization rises to a universal state in which there exists a unity of __,___,___,___. |
Arnold Toynbee (1881) Law Purpose Belief Government |
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After the universal state is attained, the civilization begins to _______. |
Arnold Toynbee (1881) Break up |
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Believes that if modern man returned to God, there was still a chance that western civilization might be saved |
Arnold Toynbee (1881) |
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Looking backward |
Hindsight |
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Looking forward |
Foresight |
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History teaches us certain lessons in the past which can help us in the conduct of our present life. It draws lessons from the past. |
Hindsight (Looking backward) |
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History not only describes what happened in the past but also tells us why society changes from one stage to another. |
Foresight (Looking forward) |
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History gives us certain knowledge and develops within us __, __, __, __ |
Character Building a.The courage to face the facts in lifeb.The humility to learn from the experiences in the pastc. The intelligence to act upon our problemsd.To faith to believe in oneself
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History is the story of a group of people, a storehouse of experiences which they develop their social identity and future prospects. It also helps promote national identity among people or nation. |
Collective Memory |
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To robert Daniels (1981), the uses of history are as follows: 1. History is particularly rich in opportunity it offers for ______. 2. History involves the development of perspective. 3. History teaches judgment. 4. Historical study is good training in dealing with complexity. 5. History is a vehicle for teaching the private citizen the public virtues of loyalty and responsibility |
1Learning how to think |
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Wrote "The Histories" which tells the Greek wars against ___ during the ____ decade of ____. |
Herodotus Persia Third decade of 5 B.C. |
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Wrote the Father of History |
Gilderhus |
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