Reading And Writing Terms

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Connecting

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Make connections between what you are reading and your own life

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Setting a Purpose for Reading

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Before you read

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Activating Prior Knowledge

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Before you read a text recall what you already know about the people

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Identifying Author's Purpose

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Think about why the author wrote the selection. Author purposes include to persuade (convince a reader of something)

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Speaker

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The narrator of a poem is called a speaker.

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Narrator

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The character or voice telling the story.

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Description

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Vivid details in a story that enliven writing. Creates imagery for a reader.

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Imagery

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language that helps the reader picture what is being described in the story. Imagery can appeal to a reader's sense of hearing

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Point of View

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The attitude or outlook of the narrator of the story.

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1st person Point of View

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a character in the story narrates what is happening in the story. Look for the key word "I" to identify this point of view.

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2nd person Point of View

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the story uses the word "You" often. The narrator writes as if "you" are doing the action in the story. Example: You walk up the stairs for the fourth time that day.

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3rd person Point of View

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The narrator is not a character in the story. He/she is outside of the story looking in at the action and telling the reader about it.

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3rd Person Limited Point of View

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the narrator telling the story is not a character in the story. He/she tells the reader about only ONE character's thoughts.

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3rd Person Omniscient

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the narrator telling a story is not a character in the story. He/she tells the reader about MULTIPLE characters' thoughts.

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Tone

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The attitude of the WRITER toward the subject he or she is writing about. Usually described using one emotion word such as: serious

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Cultural Reference

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mention of a value

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Dialect

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a variation of a certain language based on where it is spoken. Dialect consists of vocabulary

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Comprehension

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Understanding what you have read.

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Script

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the written version of a play.

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Context Clues

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using context clues means you use the nearby words and sentences to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

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Character

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a person that takes part in the action of the story. (If it is an animal it displays human traits).

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Title

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the name of a story. Purpose: 1) lets the reader know what the text is about. 2) captures the reader's attention. 3) intoduces the main idea a the selection.

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Subhead

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nonfiction selections often contain these. They divide the article into sections and give the reader a preview of what the section will be about.

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Autobiography

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the story of a person's life written by his/herself.

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Biography

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the story of a person's life written by another person.

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Synonyms

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words that mean the same or almost the same thing.

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Antonyms

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words that have opposite meanings.

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Dialogue

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conversation between characters in a liteary work.

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Text Features

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Examples include titles

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Chronological Order

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a type of text sequence or structure in which the ideas in the text are in TIME ORDER. Events are told in order from the beginning to end.

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Spatial Order

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a type of text sequence in which the ideas are organized in a way that could be followed on a map.

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Order of Importance

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a type of text sequence where the ideas are organized going from the most to least important or least to most important.

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Genre

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a type of writing such as fantasy

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Anecdote

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an anecdote is a special type of short story that tells about one single event. These are usually biographical and reveal some aspect of a person's character.

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Flashback

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a part of a story where the action is interrupted to describe a scene that took place at an earlier time. often used to give the reader background

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Conflict

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a conflict is a struggle between two forces in a story. Common conflicts include: Person vs. Person

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Idiom

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an idiom is a phrase or saying that cannot be taken literally because its meaning is different than what the actual words say.

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Folktale

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a story that has been passed down orally from one generation to the next before being written down.

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Legend

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stories about heros and extraordianry events. Most legends are based on facts

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Cautionary Tale

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a story in which people are punished for breaking rules or misbehaving.

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Myth

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an ancient story about gods

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Analyzing

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identifying the literary elements that an author uses in a story then thinking about their relationship to one another.

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Inferencing

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using your knowledge and experience to figure out something that is not stated in the story.

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Predicting

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making a guess about what will happen next in a story based on what you have already read.

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Comparing and Contrasting

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noting how things are alike and different.

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Protagonist

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the main character in a story around whom the action is centered.

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Antagonist

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the character or force that stands in the way of the protagonist solving a conflict.

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Plot

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the sum of the events that happen in a story. The storyline.

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Theme

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a lesson about life that a reader can take away from a story. Sometimes referred to as the main idea of the story.

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Fable

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a story that teaches a moral or lesson and frequently involves animals.

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Setting

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the world of the story. Setting includes time

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Attention Getting Device

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an interesting opener to a story. It creates interest in a story.

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Narrative Poem and Ballad

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a narrative poem is a poem that tells a story. A ballad is a special type of narrative poem that has rhythm and rhyme.

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Mood

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the feeling the reader is supposed to get while reading a story. Described with one emotion word: serious

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Exposition

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PART OF PLOT- the introduction to the story. During the expostion the reader learns about the basic setting and meets some of the characters.

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Rising Action

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PART OF PLOT- the part of the story where the characters try to solve conflicts. The tension builds.

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Climax

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PART OF PLOT- the climax of the story is the part of the story that is the turning point or where the main conflict is solved for better or for worse.

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Falling Action

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PART OF PLOT-the "wrap up" of the story. All of the events that happen after the climax of the story are part of the falling action.

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Resolution

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PART OF PLOT-the final conclusion of the story. This comes after the falling action.

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Internal Conflict

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a emotional or psychological problem that takes place inside a character's mind.

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External Conflict

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a problem a character faces against another character or force such as nature.

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symbol

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an object that has deeper meaning. If an object is mentioned often or seems important in a story it may be this.

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Author's Style

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the special or notable characteristics that a specific author uses in his or her writing.

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Fiction

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a story that is made up or about "fake" characters and events.

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Non-fiction

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factual writing about real people or events.

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Simile

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a comparison using like or as between two different things that have some common characteristics.

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Metaphor

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a comparison (NOT using like or as) between two different things that have common characteristics.

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Repetition

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writing a word or phrase more than once in a text.

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Alliteration

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repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of word.

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Previewing

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looking over a text before reading it.

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Skimming and Scanning

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skimming is glancing over the whole text to get a general ideas about the text. Scanning is looking for a specific piece of information in a text.

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Identifying Main Idea

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identifying this means deciding the most important idea in a text.

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Identifying Supporting Details

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these tell more about the main idea. They support the main idea.

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Evidence

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facts

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Irony

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Three types-

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Bias

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when a writer's personal opinion is reflected in his/her writing.

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Epistolary Poem

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a poem that is written in the form of a letter (as in the type you send to someone).

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Hyperbole

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a type of figurative language that is a huge exaggeration.

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Identifying Text Structure

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when a reader decides how a text's ideas are organized. Examples: Chronological Order

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Cause/Effect Text Structure

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a text that presents ideas about a cause and an effect. Example: cause-playing too many violent video games

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Problem/Solution Text Structure

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a text that presents a problem that needs to be solved and then presents solutions for solving that problem.

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Compare/contrast Text Structure

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a text that tells how things are alike and different.

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Science Fiction

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a type of writing that imagines how advances in science and technology might affect people's lives.

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Homophones

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words that sound alike but are spelled differently. These words also have different meanings.

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Hair/hare

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bear/bare

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Flat Character

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a character that is not described in depth. These characters only have 1-2 characteristics in a story and generally do not play an important role.

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Round Character

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a character that is well developed and described in a story is called this. Generally they play an important role in the story.

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Static Character

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a character that does not change or learn any lesson though the course of the story.

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Dynamic Character

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a character that changes or learns a lesson in a story.

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Allusion

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a reference to a well-known event

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Tragedy

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in this type of story the main character suffers a downfall or death caused by his or her own personal weakness.

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Suspense

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when a text gets exciting and makes a reader anxious to read on to discover what will happen next.

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Evaluating

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make a judgement or form an opinion about what you read.

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Interpreting

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when you the reader decides what the events or ideas in a selection mean.

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Monitoring Comprehension

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pausing from time to time to decide if you are understanding the story.

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Free Verse

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a type of poem that does not follow rules for rhyme (may or may not rhyme) or rhythm. Usually sounds conversational.

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Rhyme

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the repetition of sounds at the usually at the end of lines.

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Examples

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this is a statement that explains or illustrates something that the writer is talking about.

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Lyrics

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words that are set to music

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Instructions

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explanations about how to perform a process.

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Personification

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when a non-human object is given human qualities.

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Example: The cat looked at me and said

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"I am hungry."

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Characterization

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how an author develops a character's personality. Five major types-appearance

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Questioning

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asking yourself the 5W's or other questions about what you read.

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Direct Quotations

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when a non-fiction author tells exactly what other people have said. Indicated by " "

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Magazine Article

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a piece of writing found in a magazine. These are usually non-fiction

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Poetic License

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when poets do not follow grammar

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Surprise Ending

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when the story ends differently than what the reader expects.

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Informational Text

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a text that gives information about a person or topic.

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Visualizing

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imagining the characters

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Drama

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a type of writing that is meant to be presented by actors/actresses.

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Act and Scene

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major divisions of a play. Scenes are divisions of an act.

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Monologue

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when a character makes an usually long solo speech.

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Stage Directions

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descriptions of the settings

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Comic Relief

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when something funny happens in the middle of a serious situation in a play

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Memoir

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a type of autobiographical writing usually about one specific event.

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Poetry

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a type of writing that is organized into lines and stanzas. Word choice is very important in poetry. Words are chosen by both meaning and sound.

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Reviewing

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going over what you have already read to remind yourself about important ideas.

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Clarifying

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reread confusing parts of a story or text to be sure that you understand them.

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Persuasive Appeals

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methods author's use to convince readers of something.

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Faulty Reasoning

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reasoning that is incorrect and therefore leads to incorrect conclusions.

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Elegy

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A type of poem that honors someone who had died.

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Foreshadowing

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clues in used to prepare readers about what will happen later in a story.

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Historical Fiction

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a story that involves many details from a certain time in history.

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Realistic Fiction

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a story that is fiction

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Journal or Diary

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a type of text where someone writes about day-to-day events

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Lyric Poetry

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a short poem that expresses a strong personal feeling about a subject or event.

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Ode

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a poem that celebrates a subject by telling all of the great features of that subject.

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Figurative language

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Language characterized by figures of speech such as metaphors and similes as well as elaborate expression through imagery.

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Onomatopoeia

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A word intended to simulate the actual sound of the thing or action it describes.