R&e Ch. 5

Front 1

Alternative forms reliability?

Back 1

Involves using two instruments, both measuring the same variables and relating or correlating the scores for the same group of individuals to the two instruments.

Front 2

Alternative forms of test-retest reliability?

Back 2

is an approach to reliability in which the researcher administers the test twice and also uses an alternate form of the test from the first administration to the second.

Front 3

Attitudinal measure?

Back 3

seek to assess affect or feelings toward educational topics (assessing positive or negative attitudes toward giving students a choice of school to attend).

Front 4

Behavioral observations?

Back 4

Consist of selecting an instrument to record a behavior, observing individuals for that behavior, and checking points on a scale that reflect the behavior. (Eg. Behavioral checklists).

Front 5

Factual information or personal documents?

Back 5

consist of numeric data in public records of individuals. This data can include grade reports, school attendance records, student demographic data, and census information.

Front 6

Instrument?

Back 6

tools for measuring, observing, or documenting quantitative data. Researchers identify these instruments before they collect data, and they may include a test, a questionnaire, a tally sheet, a log, an observational checklist, an inventory, or an assessment instrument.

Front 7

Interrater reliability?

Back 7

means that two or more individuals observe an individual’s behavior and record scores, and then the scores of the observers are compared to determine whether they are similar.

Front 8

Internally consistent?

Back 8

means that scores from an instrument are reliable and accurate if they are consistent across the items of the instrument.

Front 9

Interval Scales?

Back 9

Provide “continuous” response options to questions that have presumably equal distances between options.

Front 10

Convenience Sampling?

Back 10

is a quantitative sampling procedure in which the researcher selects participants because they are willing and available to be studied.

Front 11

Modifying an instrument?

Back 11

means locating an existing instrument, obtaining permission to change it, and making changes to fit the participants.

Front 12

Multistage Cluster Sampling?

Back 12

is a quantitative sampling procedure in which the researcher chooses a sample in two or more stages because the populations cannot be easily identified or they are extremely large.

Front 13

Nominal Scale?

Back 13

Provide response options where participants check one or more categories that describe their traits, attributes, or characteristics.

Front 14

Nonprobability Sampling?

Back 14

is a quantitative sampling procedure in which the researcher chooses participants because they are available, convenient, and represent some characteristic the investigator seeks to study.

Front 15

Operational definitions?

Back 15

are the specification of how variables will be defined and measured (or assessed) in a study.

Front 16

Ordinal scales?

Back 16

are response options in which participants rank order from best, or most important, to worst, or least important, some trait, attribute, or characteristic.

Front 17

Performance measures?

Back 17

assess an individual’s ability to perform on an achievement test, an intelligence test, an aptitude test, an interest inventory, or a personality assessment inventory.

Front 18

Population?

Back 18

is a group of individual who comprise the same characteristics. For example, all teachers would make up the population of teachers, and all high school administrators in a school district would make up the population of administrators.

Front 19

Probability Sampling?

Back 19

is a quantitative sampling procedures in which the researcher selects individuals from the population so that each person has an equal probability of being selected from the population.

Front 20

Ratio scales?

Back 20

is a response scale in which participants check a response option with a true zero and equal distances between units.

Front 21

Reliability?

Back 21

means that individual scores from an instrument should be nearly the same or stable on repeated administrations of the instrument and that they should be free from sources of measurement error and consistent.

Front 22

Representative Sample?

Back 22

refers to the selection of individuals from a sample of a population such that the individuals selected are typical of the population under study, enabling the researcher to draw conclusions from the sample about the population as a whole.

Front 23

Sample?

Back 23

is a subgroup of the target population that the researcher plans to study for the purpose of making generalizations about the target population.

Front 24

Sampling error?

Back 24

is the difference between the sampling estimate and the true population score.

Front 25

Scales of measurement?

Back 25

are response options to questions that measure (or observe) variables in nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio units.

Front 26

Simple Random Sampling?

Back 26

is a quantitative sampling procedure in which the researcher selects participants (or units, such as schools) for the sample so that any sample of size N has an equal probability of being selected from the population. The intent of simple random sampling is to choose units to be sampled that will be representative of the population.

Front 27

Spearman Brown Formula?

Back 27

is a formula for calculating the reliability of scores using all questions of an instrument. Because the split half test relies on information from only half of the test, a modification in this procedure is to use this formula to estimate full test reliability.

Front 28

Snowball Sampling?

Back 28

is a sampling procedure in which the researcher asks participants to identify other participants to become members of the sample.

Front 29

Stratified sampling?

Back 29

is a quantitative sampling procedure stratify the population on some specific characteristic (eg. Gender) and then sample, using simple random sampling from each stratum of the population.

Front 30

Test re-test reliability?

Back 30

examines the extent to which scores from one sample are stable over time from one test administration to another.

Front 31

Systematic Sampling?

Back 31

is a quantitative sampling procedure in which the researcher chooses every “nth” individual or site in the population until the desired sample size is achieved.

Front 32

Validity?

Back 32

is the development of sound evidence to demonstrate that the intended test interpretation (of the concept or construct that the test is assumed to measure) matches the proposed purpose of the test. This evidence is based on test content, responses processes, internal structure, relations to other variables, and the consequences of testing.

Front 33

Target population?

Back 33

sometimes called the sampling frame, is a group of individuals with some common defining characteristic that the researcher can identify with a list or set of names.

Front 34

Unit of analysis?

Back 34

refers to the unit (eg. Individual, family, school, school district) the researcher uses to gather the data.

Front 35

What steps are involved in the process of data collection in quantitative research?

Back 35

-Identify participants
-Get permissions
-List options for collecting info
-Locate, select and assess instrument
-Collect data