Quiz 2 - The Colorado Plateau And Fire (Adaptation)

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Asteraceae Balsamorhiza sagittata

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Berberidaceae Berberis repens

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Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos mollis

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Celastraceae Paxistima myrsinites

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Fagaceae Quercus gambelii

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Grossulariaceae Ribes cereum

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Pinaceae Pinus aristata

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Rosaceae Cercocarpus ledifolius

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Rosaceae Prunus emarginata

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Salicaceae Populus tremuloides

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Sapindaceae Acer grandidentatum

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Sapindaceae Acer negundo

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Tolerate, avoid, regenerate

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What are the three fire adaptation strategies?

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The effects of the fire on the environment

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What is fire severity?

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The energy released by the flaming front

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What is fire intensity?

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How often fire occurs

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What is fire frequency/return interval?

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How long the fire lasts

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What is fire duration?

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The timing/season when the fire occurs

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What is fire seasonality?

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The fire's spatial distribution, pattern, and area

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What is fire extent?

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Topography, fuels, climate

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What are the fire behavior triangle components?

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If there's not enough fuel, fire won't carry

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How does limited fuel affect fire?

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If it's too wet, fuels can't carry fire

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How does climate affect fire?

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No (non-human) ignition source for fire

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What does ignition-limited mean?

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Indirectly: it affects fuel moisture (microclimate) and fuel amount/type; can create fire refugia

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How does topography limit fire?

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Over 80% mortality by basal area; wet climate (warm/cold); stand-replacing

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What defines a high-severity fire?

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High levels of fuel accumulation; infrequently droughty

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What aspects of an area lead to high-severity fires?

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200 or more years

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What is the return interval of high-severity fires?

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Less than 20% mortality by basal area; mostly surface fire; some torching

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What defines a low-severity fire?

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Low levels of fuel accumulation; frequently droughty

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What aspects of an area lead to low-severity fires?

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Less than 35 years

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What is the return interval of low-severity fires?

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A mixture of low-,moderate-, and high-severity patches mixed together at local scale

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What is a mixed-severity fire?

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Droughty

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What aspect of an area leads to mixed-severity fires?

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35-200 years

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What is the return interval of mixed-severity fires?

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Unburned or lightly burned areas within the fire perimeter

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What are fire refugia?

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Bigger patches = more species, higher survival

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How does patch size affect fire refugia?

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Less distance means greater propagules/revegetation and wildlife shelter

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How does distance between patches affect fire refugia?

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It is greatly benefitted by fire with seed germination, mineral substrate, and competitor removal

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What does it mean if a plant is fire-dependent?

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It is fairly benefitted by fire with seed germination, mineral substrate, and competitor removal

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What does it mean if a plant is fire-enhanced?

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It has high mortality in fires but is benefitted by competitor removal

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What does it mean if a plant is fire-neutral?

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It has high mortality in fires and fire removes facilitators

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What does it mean if a plant is fire-inhibited?

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Plants can survive fire when it happens

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What does the "tolerate" fire adaption strategy mean?

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Plants avoid encountering fire, otherwise they won’t survive; they have habitat preferences

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What does the "avoid" fire adaption strategy mean?

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Plants may not survive fire, but they stay in the system

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What does the "regenerate" fire adaption strategy mean?

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The plant aboveground and belowground dies but seeds are preserved to replace it

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What does the "seed" regenerate strategy mean?

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Serotinous cones, canopy seed bank, soil seed bank

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What are seeding regeneration adaptations?

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The plant aboveground dies but belowground survives

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What does the "sprout" regenerate strategy mean?

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Specialists from seed banks or off-site repopulate

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What does the "invade" regenerate strategy mean?

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Shorter lifespans, abundant seed/rhizomes

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What are invading regeneration adaptations?

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Thick bark, ablative bark, branch self-pruning, canopy seed bank, mineral soil substrate

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What are the gymnosperm fire adaption traits?

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Insulates cambium

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How does thick bark help with fire?

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Insulates cambium, burns and falls away from the tree

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How does ablative bark help with fire?

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Reduces ladder fuels

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How does branch self-pruning help with fire?

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Cones open and release seeds following fire

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How does a canopy seed bank help with fire?

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Sprouting, soil seed bank, invade

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What are the angiosperm fire adaption traits?

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Plant sprouts from adventitious buds; structures store carbohydrates

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How does sprouting help with fire?

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Delivers many years’ reproductive output to the post-fire environment

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How does a soil seed bank help with fire?