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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biological psychology? |
connects biology to the way we behave |
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What is a key assumption of Biological psychology? |
our behaviors and a result of our genetics |
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How are human brains and animal brains & behavior similar? How do human brains differ from animal brains? |
similar- seek reward and avoid punishment diff- we have larger brains and animals behavior adapts to environment |
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Biological Psychologists obtain their data from which three kinds of research? |
-comparative method -physiology -inheritance investigation |
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dendrite |
receptor |
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soma |
part of neuron that contains nucleus |
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axon |
long projection of neuron for electric impulses |
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terminal field |
endings on axon to communicate with other cells |
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myelin sheath |
protective layer on axon to speed up electrical current |
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What is the resting potential of a neuron? |
charge inside neuron is less than outside |
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What are the steps involved in a neural impulse (also called the action potential)? |
charge is greater inside neuron and it is ready to act |
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What is an excitatory signal? |
action potential in presynaptic sell increases probability of action potential in post cell |
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What is an Inhibitory signal? |
stops neurons activity |
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What is plasticity? |
ability of nervous system to change |
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What is the Central Nervous System? |
brain and spinal cord controls activity in body |
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What is the Peripheral Nervous System? |
nervous system outside of CNS connects body with spinal cord and brain -contains somatic and autonomic |
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somatic |
voluntary behavior |
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autonomic |
non voluntary- contains sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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sympathetic |
active during crisis |
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parasympathetic |
rest and digest |
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What is a simple reflex pathway? |
neuron pathway to spinal cord for reflexes |
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What do sensory neurons do? |
convert external stimuli to electric impulses |
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Motor neurons |
form pathway to spinal cord from sensory neurons |
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Interneurons |
transmits impulses between other neurons |
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frontal lobe functions |
motor function, language, memory, planning |
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parietal lobe functions |
touch and perception |
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occipital lobe functions |
vision |
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temporal lobe functions |
hearing, language, and memory |
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What is the prefrontal cortex? |
part of frontal lobe for thinking,planning, and language |
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What is the limbic system? |
part of brain containing brain stem, center for emotion |
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what is the thalamus? |
gateway from sense organs to their cortex |
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The hypothalamus |
maintain and regulate constant internal state |
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amygdala |
part of limbic system for fear, excitement and arousal |
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Hippocampus |
spatial memory |
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Dorsal pathway |
WHERE pathway |
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ventral pathway |
WHAT pathway |
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brocas area |
speech production |
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Wernicke's area |
temporal lobe for understanding speech |
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Basil Ganglia |
forebrain structure to control movement |
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Motor cortex |
frontal lobe part for body movement |
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adrenal glands |
produce hormones |
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somatosensory cortex |
sense of touch |
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What is neglect syndrome? |
Following brain damage patients are unaware of items on one side |
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Prosopagnosia |
Inability to recognize faces of people one knows |
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Phantom limb syndrome |
Feel a sensation in the limb that is not there |
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Agnosia |
inability to interpret sensation and recognize things |
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What is spatial attention? |
Focusing attention in a certain area |
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What is the Stroop test, and what does it demonstrate about the human brain? |
when you read words in different colors, we like making connections |
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What is the brain stem |
communication with brain and rest of body |
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The hindbrain |
lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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Cerebellum |
responsible for balance and coordination of the muscles & the body |
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pons |
connects the lobes of the midbrain, medulla and cerebrum |
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Medulla |
regulates your heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. Essentials to live |
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What is the reticular activating system? |
a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness. |
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What is the midbrain? |
a small central part of the brainstem, developing from the middle of the primitive or embryonic brain |
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What is the endocrine system? |
A collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate growth, mood, sex, reproduction |
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The pituitary gland |
Major endocrine gland, controls all other glands |
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adrenal gland |
produce steroids |
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Cortisol |
Steroid hormone |
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Synapse steps |
1. Nerve impulse arrives at synapse- 2. Neurotransmitter molecules released 3. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor molecules 4.Channels open up to let in ions- Ions create + or - current 5. Neurotransmitters degraded or recaptured |
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What are neurotransmitters? |
Chemicals in the brain that communicate info through our brain and body. |
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What neurotransmitters are associated with depression? |
low amounts of serotonin (dopamine and norepinephrine) |
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Schizophrenia neurotransmitters |
Dopamine and glutamate |
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Pain reduction neurotransmitters |
serotonin and endorphins |
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Parkinson's neurotransmitters |
low dopamine |
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Brain arousal neurotransmitter |
norepinephrine |
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muscle contractions neurotransmitter |
Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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How can drugs increase the effect of neurotransmitters in the synapse? |
Enhance LTP |
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How can drugs decrease the effect of neurotransmitters in the synapse? |
Block LTP |
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Agonist |
increase receptor cell activitiy |
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Antagonist |
decrease receptor cell activity |
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Nicotine acts on what system? |
Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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Botox acts on what system? |
Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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Ampthetamines acts on what system? |
Norepinephrine |
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SSRIs acts on what system? |
serotonin |
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Narcotics acts on what system? |
Endorphins |
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Who is Donald Hebb and what is his rule? What is the brief form of his rule? |
-Axon of cell A excites B growth between the two happens and A’s efficiency enhances B -Cells that fire together wire together |
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What is long-term potentiation (LTP) |
High frequency stimulation increases A’s ability to activate B |
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How is LTP induced? |
Changes in protein synthesis |
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What is a tetanus? |
Spasms of voluntary muscles |
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What is the relationship between LTP and long-term memory? |
Neurons wiring together strengthens memory |
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Who is HM and what did he contribute to science? |
- Memory disorder patient -Showed that brain can function with other parts missing |
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What is the role of the hippocampus in memory, especially spatial memory? |
Memory of physical layout |
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What is the corpus callosum? |
large band of fibers to connect two sides of brain |
