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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 2 things does Respiration refer to?
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1. Gas exchange
2. Cellular respiration |
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what gas exchange occurs in respiration?
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O2 for CO2
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What are the 2 zones within the airway?
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1. Conducting zone
2. Respiratory zone |
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What 3 resp structures compose the conducting zone?
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-Bronchi
-Bronchioles -Terminal bronchioles. |
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What 3 resp structures compose the respiratory zone?
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-Respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar duct -alveolar sacs |
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Which zone has gas exchange?
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the respiratory zone.
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What's the conducting zone also called? Why?
-What takes place there? |
Dead zone - no gas exchange.
DOES: Warm air, humidify it, remove junk from it. |
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What 2 properties const. dead space?
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-Cartilage to prevent collapse
-Smooth muscle to regulate airflow. |
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What characteristic enhances gas exchange in the resp zone?
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Alveoli, providing large surface area.
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how many alveoli/lung?
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approx 500 million.
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What pressures affect breathing?
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-Atmospheric
-Pleural fluid -Alveolar |
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what is outside pressure?
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Atmospheric = Barometric = 760 mm Hg, but we say 0 cm of H2O.
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What is F = to?
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F = (Patm - Palv)/Resist.
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When is there no airflow in or out of lungs?
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when Patm = Palv
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What direction does air flow when Palv is
-Positive? -Negative? |
Positive, flow out
Negative, flow in. |
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When is pleural pressure negative?
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Always.
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What makes neg. Pleural press?
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Stretch reflexes of
-Lungs, want to collapse. -Thoracic wall, want to expand. Together they increase Pleural space volume thus decr. press. |
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What's the significance of having a negative Ppl all the time?
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keeps the lungs expanded.
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What controls the volume of the chest cavity?
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Volume of pleural space, controlled by the DIAPHRAGM contracting.
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What is a hole in the chest wall called? What's its affect?
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Pneumothorax - makes Pleural pressure equal Barometric, lungs deflate and collapse.
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What needs to happen for normal inspiration?
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Increase chest cavity volume to decrease alveolar pressure.
-DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTION. |
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What allows increased inspiration?
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Recruitment of other muscles.
-External intercostals -Neck accessory muscles. |
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What occurs in normal expiration?
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PASSIVE relaxation of the diaphragm.
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What allows increased expiration?
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Contraction of INTERNAL intercostals and abdominal muscles.
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what measures resp volumes and capacities?
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a spirometer
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What is tidal volume?
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the volume moved merely by breathing - the air going in and out of your airways.
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what is IRV?
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inspiratory reserve volume - the additional space for forced inspiration beyond normal amt.
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what is ERV?
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expiratory reserve volume - the amt of space you can breathe out hard
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what is RV?
whats the typical value? |
residual volume - the air you can never breathe out.
Typically 1 L |
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What is Vital capacity?
What is it equiv to? What is the typical value? |
Total amt of air you can move - total lung capacacity
VC= Tidal vol + IRV + ERV Typical value: 5 L |
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what is the typical tidal volume?
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.5 L (500 mL)
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what is "forced vital capacity"?
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the rate of your vital capacity breathed out as fast as possible in one second. basically just breathing out hard and fast.
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what is the problem in an "Obstructive Disorder"?
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Patient can't breathe out enough
-Forced vital capacity decreasd, -Makes Residual vol increased. |
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In obstructive disorders, what are the values of:
Forced Vital Capacity? Residual volume? Total lung capacity? |
3 L - FVC is decreased from 5 L
3 L - RV increased from only 1 L 6 L - TLC is normal. |
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What is the cause of emphysema?
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-Loss of alveoli/elastic recoil.
-Result: lungs dont want to deflate as much so passive exhalation is impaired. |
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What's a "Restrictive Disorder?"
What are two categories of it? |
Problem in air inhalation
-Acute: edema/fluid in lungs. -Chronic: fibrous growth in lungs. |
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In restrictive disorders, what are the values of:
FVC RV TLC |
FVC: 3L (decreased)
RV: 1L (Normal) TLC: 4L (decreased) |
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Is Asthma a restrictive or obstructive disorder?
What causes it? |
Obstructive disorder.
Cause: allergy/stress constricts airways; increased chest compression collapses lungs, traps air inside lungs and can't push it out. |
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What is dead space?
What are 2 types? Which is normal/abnormal? |
Space in lungs not involved in gas exchange.
-Anatomic - normal -Alveolar - abnormal, diseased. |
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What is Anatomic dead space?
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Air in the conducting zones.
Typically about 150 ml |
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What is Alveolar dead space?
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Alveolar air that no blood is flowing past; no gas exch. here.
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What is Total ventilation?
Does it adequetely represent breathing? |
the amnt of air moved / min.
Typ: 500ml/bth x 12b/m = 6000 No - it's not necessarily the amount of air in gas exchange. |
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What is a better representation of gas exchange?
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Alveolar ventilation -
Av = (Tidal vol - Anatomic dead space)x Breathing frequency. (500 - 150)x 12 = 4200 ml/min |
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Better to breathe deep/slow or Shallow/fast?
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Deep/slow - if you breathe shallow you only fill up your dead space.
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What do snorkelers have to do?
Why? |
Breathe more deeply because anatomic dead space is increased.
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What is Airway resistance proportional to?
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1/airway radius to 4th power.
Incr airway radius decrs resistance, vice versa. |
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In airways:
Where is greatest resistance? Where is most important R? |
Bronchi are most resistant b/c there are so FEW of them.
Most important R in bronchioles b/c have smooth muscle and there are many of them. |
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What 3 things control airway resistance?
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1. Sympathetic nervous sys.
2. Parasymp nervous sys. 3. CO2 in the tissues. |
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How does the SNS control airway resistance?
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By releasing Norepi and Epi to act on Beta2 receptors and cause DILATION so you can run.
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How does the PNS control airway resistance?
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By releasing AcH to muscarinic receptors to cause CONSTRICTION so you don't waste air while sleeping.
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What's a common Asthma treatment?
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Beta2 receptor agonist - acts like EPI so you can breathe better.
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How does CO2 control airway resistance?
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Normally it's in high levels in the capillaries to bronchioles.
When Blood flow blocked, CO2 is low, so bronchioles constrict. |
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What should I remember to predict how the bronchioles will act in response to blood flow?
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Decrease BF, Decrease Bronch'ol.
BLOOD FLOW MATCHES AIR FLOW!!!! |
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What is "COMPLIANCE"?
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the measure of how distensible the lungs are - how easily they inflate.
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What does Compliance = ?
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chng in Vol
Compliance = ------------------ chng in Pressure. |
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When is Compliance increased?
What is the Press/vol relation in this case? |
Emphysema - Inflating easier b/c elastic recoil is decreased.
Changes in pressure cause bigger volume changes - Barrel chested. |
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When is compliance decreased?
What is the P/V relnshp? |
In Restrictive disorders (i.e., edema; lungs harder to inflate.
Pressure changes result in unremarkable volume changes. |
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What is the purpose of SURFACTANT?
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It decreases surface tension in the alveoli by disrupting hydrogen bonds in the water coating, thus preventing collapse of the alveoli.
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What secretes surfactant?
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Type 2 alveolar cells
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What is surfactant made of?
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Lipoprotein - fat dirsupts hydrogen bonds and decreases water surf tension in alveoli.
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Where is surfactant more important, in small or large alveoli?
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Small - if wasn't there, they would collapse.
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When in development is surfactant made?
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Late in fetal dvelopment; therefore preemies lack it, and their alveoli collapse.
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what does lack of surfactant do to compliance and work in breathing?
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Decreases compliance.
Increases work you have to do to breathe. |
