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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dyspnea
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What term is used to describe "bad" "breathing" or difficulty breathing? It can be on exertion (DOE)
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Orthopnea
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What term is used to describes"straight" "breathing" meaning that a person can only breathe if they are in an upright position? This is a common symptom in heart failure and respiratory illnesses like COPD & emphysema.
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Paroxysmal
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What term is used to describe"sudden onset"?
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Nocturnal dyspnea
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What term is used to means a person suddenly wakes up at night and can't breathe.
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Kussmaul's respiration
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What term is used to describe (hyperpnea) an increased respiratory rate accompanied by a very increased depth of breathing with no exhaling pauses in between? You pauyse between breaths. This type of breathing does not. Seen when blood becomes acidic (like in severe breathing problems when CO2 builds up in the blood due to inability to exhale it out correctly) or in exercise when the person is exercising very hard.
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Cheyne-Stokes
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What term is used to describe what generally is result of head trauma, in which the brain stem is damaged? The breathing is based on the levels of CO2 in the blood. As CO2 levels rise, respirations increase and as it is expelled through more rapid breathing, the respiration rates decrease until there is a period of apnea. CO2 levels rise dramatically, and then the person gasps for breath and breathes faster and deeper again, and cycle repeats.
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Hypercapnia
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What term is used to describe what is seen in respiratory diseases when CO2 is retained in the lungs and blood? PaCO2 > 44 mmHg. In hyperventilation, a person exhales too much CO2 as compared to normal breathing-leading to dizziness and also a reduced need to breathe. The respiratory center in the brain detects CO2 levels, and not really O2 levels. Hence, divers and swimmers will hyperventilate before diving, to allow them to stay under water longer than is normally possible, by tricking their brains (with hyperventilation and blowing off excessive CO2) into thinking they don't need to breath. Swimmers have died this way as well. Since their bodies didn't realize they were out of O2.
Emphysemics and COPDers tend to be hypercapnic, as they retain CO2 due to blocked airway passages and damaged, enlarged alveoli. |
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Hypoxia
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What term is used to describe the abnormal condition of reduced oxygen (nonspecific term)? May cause cyanosis (blue skin, lips dure to capillary blood looking a whole lot more like venous blood than arterial blood due to the low O2 content)
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Hypoxemia
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What term is used to describe the abnormal condition of reduced oxygen levels in the blood
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Hyperventilation
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What term is used to describe excessive breathing, reduces CO2 levels in blood which can cause respiratory alkalosis as CO2 levels in the blood drop. Hyperventilation does not increase O2 levels, it decreases CO2 levels.
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Hypoventilation
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What term is used to describe the inadequate breathing that raises CO2 levels in the blood? This results in respiratory acidosis. CO2 in the blood mixes with plasma to form carbonic acid. Too much CO2 in the blood overwhelms the body's ability to buffer this acid (turn it into a more neutral compound which is safe to travel in the blood). Hypoventilation will also reduce oxygen levels in the blood causing hypoxemia.
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Cyanosis
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What term is used to describe blue due to deoxygenated blood? This is any condition that causes O2 levels in the blood to drop excessively can cause skin cyanosis. This can be a respiratory problem or it can be from a blood condition like anemia.
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Clubbing
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What term is used to describe the bulby finger tips due to chronic low oxygen levels in the blood? Many lung diseases can cause this.
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Hemoptysis
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What term is used to describe for coughing up blood/sputum? Lung damage caused by disease that damages alveoli or bronchials, can cause this. Also seen in heart failure with excessive fluid/pressure build up in the lungs causing capillary/alveoli rupture.
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Pleuritic pain
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What term is used to describe the lung pain that is pain that generally gets worse when the person inhales deeply? Patients with lung condition, pneumonia, pleuritis, etc will cause the patient to have pain on taking a deep breath. Most cardiac pain does not have an increase in discomfort related to deep breathing (with the exception of pericarditis which does). A pleural friction rub sounds like and feels to the patient like rubbing your fingers against sand paper. Pain of the chest wall will hurt more if you touch that area and is probably related to the ribs or muscles in that area and not due to pleuritic pain.
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Shunting
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What term is used to describe the result of atelectasis (collapsed alveoli). Atelectasis often occurs as a result of infection, inflammation or after surgery when a patient has been placed on a breathing machine. When an area of lung is not being adequately aerated, then the blood is shunted away from that area without being oxygenated resulting in low blood oxygen levels.
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Atelectasis
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What term is used to describe the collapsed alveoli, due to build up of secretions (exudates), hypoventilation, pneumothorax, common after surgical treatments using general anesthesia.
Treatment: deep breathing, incentive spirometry (take deep breaths using device to measure amount of air inhaled by patient). |
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Acute Respiratory Failure
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What term is used to describe shows this: PaO2 = to or less than 50 or PaCO2 = to or more than 50?
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Pulmonary edema
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What term is used to describe when there is fluid accumulation in the lungs? When heart fails to eject all the blood that is should, resulting in leftover blood sitting in the heart, and this increases left ventricular and left atrial pressures. If this continue, blood attempting to get into the heart from the lungs will meet that increased pressure and have difficulty entering the Left side of the heart. So where does this blood go? It can't start going backwards or you would be dead. So the blood volume in the lungs starts to gradually increase, dilating the venous system in the lungs and causing venous and capillary pressures in the lungs to rise. When pressures in the lungs exceed a certain point-the hydrostatic pressure in lung capillaries will exceed the hydrostatic pressure in the lung tissues. When that happens, plasma leaks out of the lung capillaries into alveoli, filling up lung spaces. This is pulmonary edema-leading to swelling of lung vessels, and then lung tissues with fluid. Eventually the person essentially drowns in their own secretions.
Cause: most common cause is Left sided heart failure which can be caused by any Left sided heart problem. Symptoms: productive cough, hemoptysis, SOB, DOE, cyanosis, crackles in lungs, clubbing, orthopnea. |
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Aspiration
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What term is used to describe the inhaling of non air things? Generally, severe lung inflammation occurs. Inhaling vomit is very common.
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Lung sounds
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What would these different sounds be defined as?
crackles—water in small airways, heard in pulmonary edema & other conditions, wheezing– airway obstruction from swelling or spasm, high pitched sound |
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Bronchiectasis
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What term is used to describe a condition caused by bacterial infection [such as TB], cystic fibrosis, weak bronchial wall, impaired immune system?
Symptoms: (infection—foul smelling sputum), coughing up blood (hemoptysis), finger clubbing (indicates low O2), bronchitis (productive coughing/swelling in airways), and alveolar collapse (atelectasis |
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Bronchiolitis
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What term is used to describe ―"iole" = little which is small airway inflammation?
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Pneumothorax
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What term is used to describe when the pleura separates from the lung due to air in pleural space— there is separation of visceral (inside lining attached to the lung itself) and parietal (outside lining) of the lung. Normally there is a small amount of fluid in the pleural cavity to prevent friction and it has a negative pressure—which keeps the lung expanded. When large amounts of something get into the pleural space or when the pleura has been damaged, then the lung collapses.
Symptoms: sudden pain, rapid breathing, difficulty breathing. Signs: no lung sounds on that side, very hollow sounding. |
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Closed Pneumothorax
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What term is used to describe when the lung collapses due to internal injury—rib fracture, destruction by COPD, chest tubes, catheters?
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Open Pneumothorax
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What term is used to describe an open chest wall due to trauma?
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Tension Pneumothorax
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What term is used to describe the tearing of pleura due to high pressures inside of pleura due to open or closed problems?
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Pleural effusion
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What term is used to describe excessive fluid in the pleural space? Caused by infection, tumors, decreased oncotic (osmotic) pressure due to reduced blood protein levels (due to liver/kidney disease). Fluid can be made of blood, pus (purulent), plasma or lymph water (transudative, exudate)
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Pleurisy:
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What term is used to describe inflammation of pleura due to scar tissue (fibroid) deposits causing visceral & parietal layers to rub together? Seen in lung infections, TB, pneumonia
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Empyema
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What term is used to describe pus in pleural space? Infection or blocked lymph drainage. Fever would be an additional sign.
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Flail chest
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What term is used to describe broken ribs. Chest wall unstable, breathing opposite. You inhale, ribs collapse inwards instead of moving outwards to allow air into lungs. Can cause closed pneumothorax..
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Pulmonary fibrosis
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What term is used to describe scarring in lungs. Mostly we don‘t know the cause (idiopathic)? This causes lung to be stiff, and reduced oxygenation results.
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ARDS
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What term is used to describe acute lung inflammation of lungs with damaged alveoli (causing atelectasis (collapsed alveoli), decreased lung compliance –stretchiness, scarring—fibrosis) and damaged lung capillaries causing pulmonary edema (fluid build up in lungs), shunting, blood clots, pulmonary hypertension
Cause: infection and trauma and many other things, all of which cause lung inflammation. Symptoms: initially—hypoemia & respiratory alkalosis (pH >7.45) CXR appears like pulmonary edema Rx: O2 (even with ventilator) may not help increase O2 in blood due to inflammation & fluid in airways |
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COPD
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What term is used that combines the symptoms of 3 chronic diseases: Asthma (airway spasm), Bronchitis (excess mucus), & emphysema (destruction of alveoli)? Inflammatory disorder causes histamine release (& other body chemicals) that result in dilation of vessels and cause increased permeability. Plasma, WBC‘s and proteins leak out of blood into surrounding tissues. This is supposed to be a good thing, as it promotes healing of the damaged/irritated tissues. However, in lungs, all that swelling blocks air passages, fills up alveoli, and makes it difficult to breathe…. They can‘t exhale CO (blocked airways), retain it, & tend to be ―barrel chested. Treatment: we use reduced levels of O2, because these people are used to high CO2 levels in blood, we don‘t want to take away their urge to breathe.
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Asthma
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What term is used to describe the inflammation of airways, leading to airway spasm ―hyper-responsiveness?
Causative agents: airway irritation; allergies, virus/bacterial infection. Symptoms: coughing and wheezing (whistling sound, on exhalation and sometimes on inhalation too). Tests: listening to lungs, pulmonary function tests Rx: bronchodilators (inhalers), steroids, preventative meds, allergy prevention/Rx |
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Bronchitis
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What term is used to describe inflammation of airways that results in excessive mucus formation, plugging up air passages.
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Chronic bronchitis
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What term is used to describe a productive cough for more 3+ months of the year for 2 consecutive years.
Causes: lung irritants (cigs, pollution). Viral/bacterial infections can cause acute bronchitis. Symptoms: productive cough, and prolonged exhalation (getting air out around the mucus gunk). Tests: Listening to lungs, CXR (proves no pneumonia), PFT‘s, blood gases Treatment: Expectorants (loosen secretions), fluids, bronchodilators and steroids, chest PT (pounding on back) and getting away from causative agent if possibl |
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Emphysema
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What term is used to describe the permanent damage to small airways and alveoli? Alveoli enlarge, lose elasticity. CO2 becomes trapped in alveoli, leading to ―barrel chest appearance. Patients can‘t exhale properly, and ventilation is
reduced, and CO2 levels rise (hypercapnia). Symptoms: can‘t breathe. Cyanosis. Clubbing. Slow, excruciatingly, slow suffocation. If you smoke quit today, as this is YOUR future, unless you‘re lucky enough to die of something else first. Tests: CXR, PFT, CT, blood gases. Rx: No cure. Bronchodilators, steroids, low dose O2 therapy. Transplantation or lung area removal. High calorie, high protein, low carb diet (to reduce CO2 blood levels). Pursed lip breathing: partially closing mouth to increase chest pressure during exhalation—helps to hold open airway & prevent their collapse during exhalation. |
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COPD and Emphysema terms
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COPD and Emphysema terms tend to be used interchangeably. COPD has the characteristics of all three of the illnesses (asthma,bronchitis, emphysema) and is treated for the same problems.
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Pneumonia
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What term is used to describe lower respiratory infection? This is more common & more deadly in elderly and those with compromised immune system.
Symptoms: cough, productive cough, difficulty taking in deep breath, SOB, fever, flu like symptoms, crackles in lungs (fluid) Tests: Listening (little/no air movement in that area), CXR—hazy area, WBC count elevation (infection), sputum test to determine causative agent and determine treatment. Blood cultures if no sputum. Bronchoscopy or biopsy. (Can‘t identify a virus only bacteria). Rx: Antibiotics for bacteria. Hydration, chest PT, deep breathe/cough. |
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TB: Mycobacterium
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What term is used to describe the a bacteria that is resistant strains on the rise? Called ―consumption in old days. TB spread by droplets in air. TB bacteria lodge in lungs, lymph nodes. WBC‘s attack and wall off bacteria forming lesion ―tubercle‖. Scar tissue grows around tubercle. If immune system impaired, TB can reactivate & spread to other organs.
Increased risk: homeless/low income/dense housing, HIV, newborns, drug users Class 1 ―exposed‖: have had contact with TB germs, but did not get infected. Have positive skin test. Class 2 ―Latent‖ TB: are infected with TB, but have NO symptoms, and are NOT contagious. Rx antibiotics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_tuberculosis Class 3 ―Active‖ TB: infection, symptomatic, contagious. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis Class 4 Not active TB; previous infection was treated. Symptoms: mild or cough, fatigue, anorexia, fever 0 night sweats. SOB, CP, hemoptysis. Tests: TB skin test to determine exposure, CXR, sputum culture. Rx: Antibiotics for months!!! ISOLATION; many countries immunize against TB (USA does not at this time). |
