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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1798 |
small pox |
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1885 |
Rabies |
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1897 |
plague |
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1917 |
Cholera Typhoid vaccine (parenteral) |
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1926 |
Pertussis |
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1923 |
Diphtheria |
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1927 |
Tuberculosis (BCG) Tetanus |
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1935 |
Yellow fever |
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1940 |
DTP |
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1945 |
Influenza |
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1963 |
the first measles vaccine licensed |
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1967 |
Mumps vaccine licensed |
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1969 |
rubella vaccine licensed |
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1970 |
Anthrax vaccine manufactured by the Michigan Department of Public Health |
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1971 |
Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccines licensed (MMR) |
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1990 |
Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine licensed for infants
Typhoid vaccine (oral) |
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1995 |
Hepatitis A vaccine licensed |
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1998 |
First rotavirus vaccine licensed |
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2004 |
Pediarix, a vaccine that combines the DTaP, IPV, and Hep B |
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2006 |
RotaTeq is a new rotavirus vaccine from Merck Gardasil, the first HPV vaccine is approved |
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1977 |
Last indigenous case of smallpox (Somalia) |
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1979 |
Last case of polio caused by wild virus, acquired in the United States |
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1980 |
Smallpox declared eradicated from the world |
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1999 |
Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from the market as a result of adverse events |
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2003 |
Measles declared no longer endemic in the US |
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2005 |
Rubella declared no longer endemic in the US |
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1976 |
Swine Flu: largest public vaccination program in the U.S. to date; halted by associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome |
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1989-1991 |
Major U.S. resurgence of measles (55K cases compared with low cases in 1983 with 1,497 cases) Two-dose measles vaccine (MMR) recommended |
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1999 |
Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from the market as a result of adverse events |
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2001 |
September 11 results in increased concern of bioterrorism,reintroduce smallpox vaccine |
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2007 |
HIV vaccine trial fails |
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TYPES OF VACCINES |
1. Live (attenuated) vaccines 2. Killed (inactivated) vaccines 3. Toxoid vaccines |
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Uses a live although weakened version of the virus |
Live (attenuated) vaccines |
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provides lifelong immunity to the recipient |
Live (attenuated) vaccines |
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Example of LIVE (ATTENUATED) VACCINES |
MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) |
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chemical that kills its genetic material, leaving just the shell |
formalin |
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Example of KILLED (INACTIVE) VACCINES |
Typhoid Hib vaccines |
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Uses protein toxins |
TOXOID VACCINES |
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Example of TOXOID VACCINES |
Diphtheria tetanus vaccines |
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Barriers to Vaccination |
•Knowledge Deficits (patients and providers •Poor Access to Health Care •Vaccine Shortages •Lack of Mandatory vaccination Policies |
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Advances In vaccine research |
• Developing New Delivery Systems • Targeting New diseases • Infections: HPV, HIV, SARS, Hepatitis C, West Nile, etc • Cancers |
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VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES |
• Anthrax • Cervical Cancer • Diphtheria • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Haemophilusinfluenza type B (Hib) • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) • Influenza (Flu) • Japanese Encephalitis (JE) • Lyme Disease • Measles • Meningococcal • Monkeypox |
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VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES part 2 |
• Mumps • Pertussis (Whooping Cough) • Pneumococcal • Poliomyelitis (Polio) • Rabies • Rotavirus • Rubella (German Measles) • Shingles (Herpes Zoster) • Smallpox • Tetanus (Lockjaw) • Tuberculosis • Typhoid fever • Varicella (Chickenpox) • Yellow fever |
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IMPORTANT ROLE OF PHARMACY PROFESSIONALS |
1. First to spot a disease outbreak 2. Confront a failed policy 3. Monitor response of providers and consumers to new information whether government sources or internet 4. Serve as keepers of community trust,dispensing encouragement along withmedicines |
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Are phagocyte cells, engulfs the antigen or pathogen |
Lymphocytes T |
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It destroys the infected body cells, and it rejects the foreign tissue |
Lymphocytes T |
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Two types of Lymphocytes B |
Plasma cells Memory cells |
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produce antibodies for the antigen |
Plasma cells |
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will be ready for a second immune response when the same antigen enters the body |
Memory cells |
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it memorize the antigen |
Memory cells |
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type of WBCs that participate in the body defense |
Lymphocytes |
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helps to resist parasites infections and hypersensitivity |
IgE |
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plays a key role in the initial immune system |
IgM |
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distributed in the blood, made up of 5 antibodies |
IgM |
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found on the surfaces of the B- lymphocytes where it acts as specific antigen receptor, has a role in the induction of antibody production |
IgD |
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known as a secretory antibodies |
IgA |
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found in breastmilk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva, tears, and vaginal secretions |
IgA |
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the greatest percentage of antibody molecules in the blood, combine to small antigen, and combine and neutralize toxins (antitoxins) |
IgG |
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stimulates the body to produce antibodies |
Antigen |
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complex macromolecules |
Antigen |
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Activates the antibody |
Antigen |
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called as immunoglobulins (Ig) |
Antibody |
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Protein which reacts with an antigen of foreign substances |
Antibody |
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Produced by white blood cells (plasma cells) and may be present in the blood and body fluids or may attached to cell surfaces |
Antibody |
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acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies in uterus or by an infant the moment it received colostrum |
Natural passive acquired immunity |
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duration of Natural passive acquired immunity |
6 mos-1yr |
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acquired when a person received antibodies contained in anti-sera or gamma globulin. |
Artificial passive acquired immunity |
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duration of Artificial passive acquired immunity |
2-3 weeks |
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acquired in response to vaccines |
Artificial active acquired immunity |
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duration of Natural active acquired immunity |
long duration |
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TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY |
1. Active acquired Immunity 2. Passive acquired immunity |
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scientific study of the immune system and immune responses. |
Immunology |
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third line of defense against pathogens |
immune system |
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a specific host defense mechanism |
immune system |
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tie up iron |
Transferrin and lactoferrin |
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It is a second line of defense that stimulates leukocytes |
Fever |
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Give NON-SPECIFIC HOST-DEFENSE MECHANISM under second line of defense |
o Transferrin and lactoferrin o Fever o Interferon o Inflammation o Phagocytosis o Complement system |
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Give examples of first line defense |
mucous membrane skin acidity of stomach |
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give the two types of HOST-DEFENSE MECHANISM |
non specific specific |
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serve to protect the body from a variety of foreign substances or pathogens |
Non specific host defense mechanism |
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It consist first and second line of defense |
Non specific host defense mechanism |
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directed against a particular foreign substance or pathogen that has entered the body |
Specific host defense mechanisms |
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PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES |
1. Entry of the pathogen into the body 2. Attachment of the pathogen to some tissue(s) within the body 3. Multiplication of the pathogen. Multiply in one location of the body (localized infection), or it multiplies throughout the body (a systemic infection) 4. Invasion/spread of the pathogen 5. Evasion of host defenses 6. Damage to host tissue(s). It may cause death of the patient |
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invasion time to appearance of symptoms |
Incubation Period |
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Influential Factors in Incubation period |
– The overall health and nutritional status of the host – The immune status of the host – The virulence of the pathogen – The number of pathogens that enter the body |
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Four Phases of pathogenesis |
Incubation period prodromal period phase of illness convalescent period |
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invasion time – symptoms |
Incubation Period |
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most infectious |
Prodromal Period |
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specific sign/symptoms |
Phase of Illness |
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the ability to cause disease |
Pathogenicity |
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activities related to the individual lifestyle and choices and designed to improve or maintain health |
Health promotion |
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process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health |
Health promotion |
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who said process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. |
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1987 |
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any activity undertaken by an individual regardless of actual or perceived health status, for the purpose of promoting, protecting or maintaining health, |
HEALTH BEHAVIOR |
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science and art of preventing diseases |
Public Health |
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organized efforts to an informed community for: |
1. The sanitation of environment 2. Control of communicable infections 3. Education of the individual in personal hygiene 4. Organization of services for early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease 5. Development of social machinery to insure adequate maintenance of health |
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study of risks to health populations |
Public health as a science |
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application of techniques |
Public health As a skill |
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the community must have access to health |
Public health as a belief |
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Elements of A Community |
a. Membership b. Common symbol c. Shared values d. Mutual influencee. Shared needs, commitment and emotional connection |
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sharing an environment |
Community |
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group of interacting people living in a common location with common interests, beliefs, and needs |
Community |
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health status of a defined group of people and all actions to promote, protect and preserve their health. |
COMMUNITY HEALTH |
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Give the PHYSICAL DETERMINANT |
a)Geography b)Environment c)Community size d)Industrial development |
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Give a Underlying DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH |
Education Transportation Health care Housing income and employment |
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Give DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH |
Behavioral Culture determinant socio-economic |
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Give MEASURING HEALTH STATUS
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o Vital Statistics o Presence of Risk factors oUse of health care services oHealth insurance coverage |
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Evidence of early bathroom in India |
EARLIEST CIVILIZATION |
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Egyptian’s drainage system |
EARLIEST CIVILIZATION |
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Code of Hammurabi in Babylon` |
EARLIEST CIVILIZATION |
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Physical games in Greece |
EARLIEST CIVILIZATION |
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Roman’s hospital establishment |
EARLIEST CIVILIZATION |
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it is the spiritual aspect of health problems |
Dark ages |
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In what era Dark ages as spiritual aspect of health problems |
MIDDLE AGES (500-1500 AD) |
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In this era there's a Spread of epidemics such as leprosy, plague and syphilis |
MIDDLE AGES (500-1500 AD) |
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In this era they found out that environmental cause disease |
RENAISSANCE |
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Epidemics due to exploration and colonization |
RENAISSANCE |
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it is the Industrial growth |
18TH CENTURY |
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Introduce the first vaccine |
Edward Jenner |
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Census in America |
18TH CENTURY |
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Cholera epidemic and John Snow |
THE 19TH CENTURY |
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Modern era of PH: collection of vital statistics and health education |
THE 19TH CENTURY |
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Bacteriological Period of PH – Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch |
THE 19TH CENTURY |
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Port Quarantine Act |
THE 19TH CENTURY |
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He introduced the anti rabies vaccine |
Louis Pasteur |
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Life expectancy less than 50 |
20TH CENTURY |
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Leading cause of disease: communicable diseases |
20TH CENTURY |
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Period of social engineering |
20TH CENTURY |
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(1900-1960) health resources development period |
20TH CENTURY |
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Period of Health Promotion |
21ST CENTURY |
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Leading cause of disease: lifestyle diseases |
21ST CENTURY |
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Individuals are responsible: society has the obligation to provide a conductive environment |
21ST CENTURY |
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Challenges in 21st century |
• Increasing health cost • Emerging and re-emerging diseases • Change of health care setting |
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Decrease mortality and morbidity suffered by the poor |
FUTURE OF PUBLIC HEALTH |
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Countering the potential threats to health from economic crises, unhealthy behavior and unsafe environment |
FUTURE OF PUBLIC HEALTH |
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Developing a more effective health system |
FUTURE OF PUBLIC HEALTH |
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Give ESSENTIAL PH SERVICES |
ü Monitor health status ü Diagnose and investigate health problems ü Inform, educate and empower people about health issues ü Mobilize community partnerships ü Develop policies and plans |
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Requires the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data |
PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH |
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Requires determination of:
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─Preventable or not preventable ─Controllable or not controllable ─Priority |
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What quadrant High priority of program focus |
Quadrant 1 |
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What quadrant is Priority for innovative program, evaluation crucial |
Quadrant 2 |
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what quadrant is Low priority except to demonstrate change for political purposes |
quadrant 3 |
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what quadrant is no program |
quadrant 4 |
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The potential for prevention or control frequently requires:
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─A plan ─A defender/campaigner ─A strategy/Method ─The will ─Funding |
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natural yeast polysaccharide that help stimulate immune cells |
CM-glucan(Immunomax) |
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immunologic response |
Interleukins |
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1983 |
Pneumococcal vaccine, 23 valent |
