Ptxiii-4P-Test1

Front 1

a. Name each group and it's components.
b. Which group has high capacity and moderate flow?
c. Which group has a negligible flow and capacity?
d. Which group has high capacity and low flow?
e. Which group has low capacity and high flow?

Back 1

a. VRG: brain, liver, kidneys
MG: muscle, skin
FG: fat
VPG: bone, cartilage, ligaments
b. MG -muscle group
c. VPG-vessel poor group
d. FG- fat group
e. VRG-vessel rich group

Hint 1

Tissues can be divided into four groups based on their level of perfusion and capacity to take up anesthetic. The high perfusion and low capacity allow Pvrg to equilibrate rapidly with Part.Also, the VRG makes the largest contribution to the mixed venous return partial Pressure Pmvr.

Front 2

What degenerates in MS?

Back 2

OLIGODENDROCYTES

Front 3

What are the function of Astrocytes?

Back 3

Help form BBB and other functions(glutamate sink).

Front 4

What is the function of the Oligodendrocyte Glial cells?

Back 4

Form nyelin sheath around axons

Front 5

Explain ion activity at Na+ and K+ channels during an action potential.

Back 5

-At the voltage threshold, Na+ channel opens and Na+ rushes in. Action Potential. K+ channels are also triggered but are slower to react.
-At Vmax, voltage-gated Na+ channels turn off. and
potassium channels are still on
and stay on until the potassium
potential Vk(hyperpolarized) is reached. As Vk is
approached, potassium channels
increasingly shut off but some
remain active to keep neuron at Vr.
-Sodium channels recover and can be triggered again by voltage changes across the membrane.

Front 6

What is the driving force at synapse and what physical property can affect it?

Back 6

Diffusion. Can be affected by temperature.

Front 7

Which of the two main classes of neurotransmitters AFFECT ION CHANNELS such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride; faster action.

Back 7

Ionotropic

Front 8

Which of the two main classes of neurotransmitters AFFECT GPCR causing conformational changes; SLOWER action.

Back 8

METABOTROPIC. Most drugs used to treat psychosis and depression affect metabatropic neurotransmitter receptors.

Front 9

Explain what occurs @ each step.

Back 9

1. Xmitter synthesis & storage
2. Arrival of action potential
3. Depolarization of terminal and triggering of voltage-dependent Calcium channel; Ca influx
4. Ca mediated vesicle fusion and xmitter release
5. Xmitter diffussion&binding; 5a affects ionotropic receptors, excitaroty or inhibitory; 5b affects metabatropic receptors evoking second messengers; 5c autoreceptor binding (ellipse)
6. Signal termination: 6a. enzyme-meditated degradation; 6b. reuptake by xmitter transporter; 6c. uptake by glia
7. For G-protein coupled metabatropic receptors the transmission process may
continue inside the neuron and outlast the xmitter-receptor coupling process
8. Xmitter events at the neuronal membrane can be transmitted all the way to the nucleus and can affect transcription
9. Multiplicity of G-protein coupled receptors

Front 10

breakdown in this neuroxmitter leads to seizures.

Back 10

GABA

Front 11

What are three drug targets of synaptic transmission.

Back 11

• POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS
– GABAa drugs (agonist properties) such as antianxiety drugs like diazepam.
– Dopamine receptor blockers like haloperidol (antagonists or inverse agonists)
•NEUROTRANSMITTER METABOLISM
– Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donezepil
• NEUROTRANSMITTER REUPTAKE
– Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as
fluoxetine

Front 12

Back 12

Front 13

Back 13

Front 14

Where do these parts of the CNS originate?
a. Sensory neurons
b. Somatic motor neurons
c. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Back 14

a. sensory-have cell bodies nad nuclei in the dorsal root ganglia, and project onto neurons located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
b. somatic motor neurons- arise in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
c. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons-arise in the ventral horn of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Project onto postganglionic neurons in the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia.

Front 15

What innervates the pineal gland in the brain?

Back 15

Superior cervical ganglion

Front 16

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:
1. Flight or fight
2. Crainiosacral
3. Thoracolumbar
4. Neuroeffector xmitter-NE
5. Neuroeffector xmitter: ACh, muscarinic
6. Rest and digest
7. Long preganglionic fibers, short postgang.
8. Ganglionic xmitter
9. Turns on Epinephrine release from adrenal gland.

Back 16

1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
3. Sympathetic
4. Sympathetic
5. Parasympathetic
6. Parasympathetic
7. Parasympathetic
8. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
9. Sympathetic

Front 17

Which two nerutransmitters are required to mediate neurotransmission in the PNS?

Back 17

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

Front 18

integration of information from other lobes; planning, problem solving, behavioral inhibition, social behavior; voluntary motor control

Back 18

Frontal Lobe

Front 19

language(more left than right), auditory sensation; inferior part of this: recognition of faces.

Back 19

Temporal lobe

Front 20

sense of location in space, somatic sensation(somatosensory)

Back 20

Parietal lobe

Front 21

emotion, pain

Back 21

Cingulate gyrus

Front 22

(bundle of Axons): unites the 2 hemispheres

Back 22

Corpus Callosum

Front 23

(basal ganglia): movement, Parkinson's disease

Back 23

Caudate/Putamen

Front 24

Sensory radiations to cortex

Back 24

Thalamus

Front 25

motor outflow to spinal cord

Back 25

Internal capsule

Front 26

deep within thalamus and heavily involved in normal memory processing

Back 26

Hippocampus

Front 27

timing of short duration intervals, coordination of movements, has a role in cognition and emotion, receives massive imputs from cerebral cortex

Back 27

Cerebellum

Front 28

Essential tremor is associated with disfunction of this.

Back 28

Cerebellar dysfunctions

Front 29

Ethanol ataxia mediated by this

Back 29

Cerebellum

Front 30

Which part of spinal cord is responsible for sensory relays to the brain

Back 30

Dorsal horn

Front 31

Which part of the brain is responsible for motor relays to the brain?

Back 31

Ventral horn

Front 32

Where do single-source divergent neurons typically originate? Where does it normally have axonal terminals that innervate thousand of Neurons?

Back 32

Originate in a nucleus in the brainstem and axonal terminals usually innervate in the cerebral cortex.

Front 33

Where do Dopaminergic neurons arise? What are they associated with?

Back 33

Arise in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area and are associated with te initiation of movement and the brain reward pathways.

Front 34

What neurons are responsible for maintaining sleep-wake cycles and regulating sensory transmission

Back 34

Cholinergic neurons

Front 35

What neurons are responsible for maintaining alertness?

Back 35

Noradrenergic neurons

Front 36

Believed to have a role in modulating affect and pain

Back 36

Serotonergic neurons

Front 37

Which amino acids are excitatory and inbibitory in CNS.

Back 37

Excitatory(glutamate and aspartate)
Inhibitory(glycine and GABA)

Front 38

Back 38

Front 39

Which molecule is precursor for synthesis of Tryptophan?

Back 39

Serotonin
*Tryptophan is first oxidized by tryptophan hydroxylase(TPH) adn then decarboxylated by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase to yield SEROTONIN.

Front 40

Name some differing features between capillaries in CNS and PNS.

Back 40

In the periphery, capillary endothelial cells have gaps(termed fenestrae) b/w them and use intracellular pinocytotic vesicles to facilitate the transcapillary transport of fluid and soluble molecules. In contrast, CNS vessels are sealed by tight junctions b/w the endothelial cells. The cells have fewer pinocytotic vesicles and are surrounded by pericytes and astroglial processes. In addition, capillary endothelial cells in the CNS have more mitochondria than tose in systemic vessels; these mitochondria may reflect the energy requirements necessary for CNS endothelial cells to transport certain molecules into the CNS and transport other molecules out of the CNS.

Front 41

Name some differing features between capillaries in CNS and PNS.

Back 41

In the periphery, capillary endothelial cells have gaps(termed fenestrae) b/w them and use intracellular pinocytotic vesicles to facilitate the transcapillary transport of fluid and soluble molecules. In contrast, CNS vessels are sealed by tight junctions b/w the endothelial cells. The cells have fewer pinocytotic vesicles and are surrounded by pericytes and astroglial processes. In addition, capillary endothelial cells in the CNS have more mitochondria than tose in systemic vessels; these mitochondria may reflect the energy requirements necessary for CNS endothelial cells to transport certain molecules into the CNS and transport other molecules out of the CNS.

Front 42

What would absence of GAD enzyme cause?

Back 42

Absence of GAD(glutamic acid decarboxylase) would stop conversion of Glutamate to GABA and lead to lowered inhibition and heightened excitation.

Front 43

Are glutamate receptors found mostly on pre or postsynaptic membranes?

Back 43

Postsynaptic

Front 44

Which type of Glutamate receptors are fast, excitatory receptors?
Name the three subtypes of glutamate-gated ion channels, classified according to their activation by the selective agonists.

Back 44

Ionotropic.
-NMDA- Increases Ca++ influx, increase K+ efflux.
-Kainate - Increases Na+ influx, increase K+ efflux
-AMPA - Increase Na+ and Ca++ influx, increase K+ efflux

Front 45

Which type of Glutamate receptors are slower, mixed actions?

Back 45

Metabotropic glutamate receptors

Front 46

Name two ways Ionotropic NMDA receptors differ from the other ionotropic glutamate receptors.
Protein structure?

Back 46

1. dual binding of of inhibitory glycine and glutamate.
2. membrane depolarization that removes Mg+ block of the channel pore.
-Tetrameric

Front 47

These conditions can all be related to defects in which receptor?
Stroke and CNS trauma, Hyperalgesia, Epilepsy, Neurodegerative diseases

Back 47

Glutamate receptors

Front 48

What is the main GABA receptor

Back 48

GABAa receptors.
*Picrotoxin used to reduce seizures and Flumazenil is a strong antagonist of Benzodiazepine

Front 49

What are the relative potency and efficacy of benzodiazepines and barbiturates.

Back 49

Benzodiazepines such as Midazolam are high-potency, low-efficacy modulators of GABAa receptor activity.
-Barbiturates such as phenobarbital are low-potency, high efficacy modulators.

Front 50

Name some sedative-hypnotics classes

Back 50

•Ethanol (later)
•Barbiturates
•Chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol (mostly of
historical interest)
•Benzodiazepines (widely used) [emphasis
here]
•Zolpidem, Zaleplon (modern hypnotics)
•Buspirone (unique mechanism)

Front 51

Give some uses of sedative-hypnotics

Back 51

•Sleep-induction
•Anti-anxiety
•Anti-convulsants
•Some have muscle relaxant effects
•Some have amnestic effects

Front 52

Which benzo has the longest half life and active metabolites?

Back 52

Flurazepam

Front 53

What are some of the main uses of benzodiazepines?

Back 53

•Reduce or eliminate anxiety
•Induce sleep
–Importance of sleep physiology
–REM and NREM, relation to memory
•Treat epilepsy
•Adjunct to anesthesia (midazolam) and pre-
anesthesia
•Amnestic effects for painful procedures
(midazolam)

Front 54

This could possibly caused experience-induced over-activity of the amygdala in the emotional circuits of the brain.(amygdala also associated with epileptic seizures.

Back 54

Anxiety

Front 55

This antianxiety drug is in a class all it's own with a therapeutic lag of 2 weeks or more, and is indicated for generalized anxiety.

Back 55

Buspirone: acts as 5HT1a agonist