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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is infection? |
Infection is the process in which an organism establishes a parasitic relationship with its host. |
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What is a nosocomial infection? |
A nosocomial infection is an infection that originates or occurs in a hospital or hospital-like setting. (CNS, surgical site, UTI, respiratory tract, bloodstream, intestinal tract) |
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What is contamination? |
A term used to describe an area, surface, or item coming in contact with something that is not sterile. |
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What is sepsis? |
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection in which there is fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and inadequate bloodflow to internal organs. Usually occurs in thhe lungs, abdomen, or urinary tract. |
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What is asepsis? |
Procedures that protect the patient from infections. |
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What is PPE? |
Personal Protective Equipment
Items worn as barriers to protect from infectious diseases. |
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What are universal precautions? |
-Wash hands before/after each patient contace -Clean treatment area -Use PPE as needed -Cover open wounds on yourself prior to patient contact -Place biohazard materials in appropriate disposal container |
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What are airborne precautions? |
Precautions that reduce the risk of airborne transmission of infectious agents through evaporated droplet in air or dust particles containing infectious agents.
Examples: Measles, varicella, tuberculosis |
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What are droplet precautions? |
Precautions to reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious agents through contact of mucous membranes of the mouth and nose; contact through coughing, sneezing, talking, or suctioning.
Examples: Influenza, meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottis, Mumps, Rubella |
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What are contact precautions? |
Precautions that reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agents through direct or indirect contact.
Examples: GI, respiratory, skin or wound infections, Hepatitis A, Scabies, Ebola, etc. |
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What are the legal and ethical considerations for basic first aid? |
1) Duty to act as a healthcare provider 2) Need for consent (if person is conscious) 3) Legal concerns-Good Samaritan Law-protect any lay rescuers who are acting in good faith |
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What is the difference between diabetic coma and insulin shock? |
Diabetic coma: too much sugar
Insulin shock: too much insulin |
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What are the five vital signs normally taken? |
-Blood pressure -Pulse rate -Body temperature -Respiratory rate -Pain (PT) |
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What is normal the normal blood pressure range? |
90/60-120/80 |
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What is hypertension? |
Hypertension is high blood pressure. When the systolic BP is consistently over 140-160.
Untreated, can lead to increased heart size causing heart failure, kidney failure, stroke. |
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What is orthostatic hypotension? |
An inability to compensate quickly for changes in BP. When a person stands quickly, gravity causes blood to pool in the legs causing the blood pressure to drop.
A decrease in systolic BP of 20 mmHg or higher is evidence of orthostatic hypotension. |
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What is the normal heart rate range? |
60 to 90 beats per minute |
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What is the normal body temperature range? |
97.8-99.1 degress F |
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What is the normal respiratory rate? |
12-20 breaths per minute |
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What are anthropometrical characteristics? |
A set of non-invasive techniques for measuring an individual's body fat composition by measuring, recording, and analyzing specific dimensions of the body, such as height, weight, skinfold thickness, and bodily circumferences at the waist, hip, and chest. |
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What are some anthropometrical measurements? |
-Height -Weight -Girth -Length |
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What is mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)? |
A measurement taken of the bare left arm taken midway between the shoulder and elbow that indicate malnutrition or obesity.
Average ranges: Males-26-29 cm; Females-26-28.5 cm |
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What are skinfold measurements? |
The use of calipers to measure the thickness of skinfolds at 9 standardized sites on the right side of the body.
Three measurements are taken at each test point and the average of the three measurements is used. |
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What is the android fat distribution pattern? |
"Apple"
When fat accumulates around the abdomen; more common in men. Leads to more health risks. |
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What is the gynoid fat distribution pattern? |
"Pear"
When fat accumulates in the buttocks and thighs; more common in women. Less health risks associated with this weight distribution. |
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How do you calculate body mass index (BMI)? |
BMI=weight in lbs. x 703/height in inches squared
or
BMI= weight in kg/height in meters squared |
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What is body composition? |
-The ratio of fat to lean tissue
-In general, the % body fat is greater in women than men
-Usually increases with age |
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What is hydrostatic weighing? |
This is the gold standard for measuring body fat percentage. Uses the principles of water displacement to measure body fat percentage. |
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What are the three body types? |
Ectomorph- slim, relatively long limbs, not naturally strong, good endurance Mesomorph- muscular, athletic, thick skin and large bones, poor flexibility, full of energy Endomorph- round, curvy, and soft body, majority of weight in hips and thighs, musculature not well defined |
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What is arousal? |
The general state of readiness to respond to the environment. Arousal is necessary for selective attention and purposeful responses. |
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What is coma? |
Prolonged period of unconsciousness, sleep-like state, no speech, no response to commands. May have simple reflex in response to touch or pain; absence of awareness of self and the environment. |
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What is the Glasgow Coma Scale? |
-The standard measure of coma in the acute phase
-Measures the depth of coma based on: -Motor response -Eye opening -Vocal response |
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What us the Ranchos Los Amigos Scale (RLAS)? |
-An 8 level scale -Used as a patient improves or stabilizes |
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Disability Rating Scale (DRS) |
-Has the ability to track a patient across a wide span of recovery, from coma to community -Items on scale address impairment, disability, and handicap -Popular due to ease of scoring -Reliable and valid
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Coma/Near Coma Scale |
-Developed to measure small changes in patients with severe brain injuries with very low functional levels of near-vegetative and vegetative states -Reliable and valid -Eleven items-5 levels -Indicates severity of sensory, perceptual, and primitive response deficits |
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What is the normal pain response? |
-A noxious stimulus is caused by high intensity mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus -Ischemia and inflammation may occur as a result of an injury -Thoughts, beliefs, and/or emotions may affect how much pain is felt -Some feel pain is worse if/when they are feeling depressed or hopeless |
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How is pain produced? |
-Can be transmitted by many different nerve endings -When stimulated, nerves generate electrical signals (action potentials) that travel at various speeds along afferent nerve fibers to the spinal cord and brain |
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What are nociceptors? |
Pain specific nerve endings in the periphery that fire in response to potential tissue damage. Abundant in the skin and musculoskeletal system. |
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What are A-delta fibers? |
-Nerve endings that respond to mechanical and thermal stimulation -Elicit first, localized sharp pain -Produce the withdrawal reflex and are of short duration |
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What are C-fibers? |
-Nerve endings that respond to chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli -Produce the secondary aching or burning pain and are of long duration |
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What is the Gate Control Theory? |
-There is a "gating system" in the CNS that opens and closes to let pain messages through the brain or to block them -Demonstrates that pain is an individualized and complex response of the nervous system |
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What are endorphins? |
-A class of neurotransmitters normally produced in the human brain -A natural opiate -When released, lower BP, boost immune system, slow down aging process, reduce symptoms associated with eating disorders, regulate production of sex hormones -Exercise or relaxation can inhibit pain |
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How is pain measured? |
-Visual analogue scale (VAS) -Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) -McGill Pain Questionnaire -Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire |
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What is the visual analogue scale (VAS)? |
-A 10 cm line labeled zero to ten and often times with pictures to portray pain ratings from none to intense pain. -Minimal clinically important difference is a reduction of 30.0 mm or 3 numbers on a scale of 0 to 10 |
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What is the numeric pain rating scale? |
-Assesses pain on a numeric scale 0 to 10 -Used as baseline -Easy to administer -MCID: 2 points
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What is the McGill Pain Scale? |
-A pain scale that compares pain to other commonly painful procedures or conditions. -Consists of three portions: body diagram, pain intensity rating, and list of words a patient is asked to choose from describing pain. -Advantages: reliable and can be used to establish a baseline -Disadvantages: takes about 15 to 20 mins to complete; wording may not be culturally appropriate for all patients |
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What are body diagrams with regards to pain? |
A diagram of the body in which the patient is instructed to mark the places of the body in which he is having pain. |
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What is the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire? |
-Specific to patients with low back pain -Consists of 10 items addressing various aspects of function -Each item is scored from 0-5, with higher values representing greater disability -Total score is multiplied by 2 and expressed as a percentage |
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Body Mechanics
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-Body mechanics refers to the way in which we position our bodies during tasks |
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Why are good body mechanics important? |
-How we position our bodies affects the efficiency of our movements and the stress that is placed on the tissues of the body |
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Who are people of importance with regards to body mechanics? |
-The patient -The therapist -The family -The caretaker |
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What are the general principles of body mechanics? |
-Wide base of support (BOS) -Center of gravity close to body -Minimize bending & twisting -If turning, turn feet (pivot) -Push heavy objects on a cart -Make several small trips of smaller loads -Be aware of posture during daily activities -Plan ahead, clear a pathwayh -Lift smoothly, lower slowly -Wide base of support (BOS) -Center of gravity close to body -Minimize bending & twisting -If turning, turn feet (pivot) -Push heavy objects on a cart -Make several small trips of smaller loads -Be aware of posture during daily activities -Plan ahead, clear a pathwayh -Lift smoothly, lower slowly |
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What are the 5 Ls of lifting? |
1) Load 2) Lever 3) Lordosis-keep curvature in back natural 4) Legs-lift with legs, not back 5) Lungs-breathe while lifting |
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What is OSHA? |
-Occupational Safety & Health Administration
-A part of the US Department of Labor that assures safe and healthful working conditions. Was established to protect the entire work force. |
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What is the correct sitting posture? |
-Shoulders & hips facing in the same direction -Back against the back of the chair -Feet flat on the floor -May have a small pillow or roll in the low back -Wheelchairs must be properly fitted |
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What are two good sitting exercises? |
-Chin tucks (cervical spine) -Scapula retraction |
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What is good standing posture? |
-Comfortable shoes with arch support -Avoid high heals or platform shoes for long periods of time -Do not lock knees -Feet shoulder width apart -Align head with shoulders -Visualize a plumb line hanging from the ear through the shoulder and ankle |
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What is static trunk stability? |
Trunk stability refers to the property of maintaining and controlling the body's orientation in space, usually by keeping the line of gravity within the base of support. There is no visible movement. |
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What is dynamic trunk stability? |
Also called dynamic lumbar stabilization or core stabilization, is maintaining the stability of the trunk, and the lumbar spine, within a safe range of movement through activation of core musculature. |
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Why is trunk stabilization important? |
It offers an element of protection against injury during mobility activities. |
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What is the most important muscle involved in dynamic trunk stabilization? |
The transverse abdominis muscle. |
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How do you activate the transverse abdominis muscle prior to performing a mobility task? |
Gently bring the belly button in toward your spine without pushing out the lower abdomen. Hold this position during the entire activity. |
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What are the general guidelines for performing mobility tasks? |
1) Plan ahead 2) Position yourself close to the load 3) Maintain a wide base of support 4) Maintain normal spinal curvature whenever possible 5) Bend the hips and the knees 6) Hold objects close 7) "Set" the trunk muscles 8) Use larger muscles to perform the heavier work 9) Exhale during exertion 10) Avoid twisting at the trunk, particularly when the trunk is flexed 11) Push rather than pull 12) Get help if you need it |
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What is a potential result of bad lifting? |
Herniated Disc-a condition in which the disc in the spine slips out of place or ruptures and presses on a nerve causing back pain or sciatica |
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What are the symptoms of a herniated disc? |
-Back pain that spreads to the buttocks and legs, when in lower back
-Neck pain that spreads to the shoulders and upper arms, when in upper back
-Tingling or numbness
-Muscle spasms or weakness |
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What are treatments for herniated discs? |
Treatments include rest, pain and anti-inflammatory medicines, PT, and sometimes surgery. |
