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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Median
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Right to left
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Sagital
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Parallel to median
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Coronal/frontal
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Front and back
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Transverse/horizontal
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Top and bottom
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Longitudinal
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Up and down
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Ipsilateral
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Same side
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Contralateral
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Opposite side
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Bilateral
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Both sides
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Unilateral
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One side
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What 5 actions does the integumentary system provide?
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1. Protection
2. Containment 3. Heat regulation 4. Sensation 5. Synthesis/Storage of vitamin D |
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What are the 2 layers that make up the skin?
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1. Dermis
2. Epidermis |
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What is the epidermis?
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A keratinized epithelium which is avascular and is nourished by the underlying vascularized dermis
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What is the dermis?
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A dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers that provide skin tone and strength and toughenss of skin.
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What are the structures of the skin?
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1. Hair follicles
2. Erector muscles of the hair 3. Sebaceous glands 4. Sweat glands 5. Lymphatics |
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What is superficial fascia?
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Subcutaneous tissue composed of loose connective tissue. Contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves. Also provides for most of the body's fat storage. Also plays an important role in thermoregulation as it functions as insulation to retain heat in the body's core. Last provides protection from compression again bony prominences.
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Where is superficial fascia located?
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Under the dermis
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Where is deep fascia located?
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Beneath the superficial fascia
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What are the functions of the deep fascia?
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Forms a musculovenous pump which pumps blood or other fluids out when the muscle belly contracts against the fascia.
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Where is the investing fascia located?
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Extends off the deep fascia that invest muscles and neuromuscular bundles
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What are the functions of investing fascia?
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Creates inter-muscular septa which surrounds groups of muscles with similar action and verve supplies, also attach to the bone
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What are the four important functions of the muscle?
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1. Movement production
2. Maintenance of posture 3. Stabilization of joints 4. Generation of heat |
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Four functional characteristics of muscle?
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1. Excitability
2. Contractility 3. Extensibility 4. Elasticity |
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What are the 3 types of muscles?
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1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac 3. Smooth |
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How is skeletal muscle innervated?
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Via the alpha motor neuron
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How is cardia muscle innervated?
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By the autonomic nervous system causing involuntary contractions
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True or false: Muscle in general has only fast twitch muscle?
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False it contains both fast and slow twitch fibers
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True or false: The amount of fast and slow twitch fibers depend on genetics?
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True
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Which twitch fibers are recruited first?
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Slow
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Which twitch fibers have higher thresholds for firing?
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Fast
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What percentage of myofibrils are in a muscle cell?
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80%
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What is myosin?
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Thick and contains globular heads
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What is actin?
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Thin filaments that contains troponin molecules and tropomyosin
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What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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Tubules that are the calcium control center for the muscle cell
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Endomyosium
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Areolar connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers
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Perimyosium
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Connective tissue covering of fascicles which are bundles of muscle fibers
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Epimyosium
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Connective tissue covering of the entire muscle
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Fascia
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Tough connective tissue external to the epimyosium
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What are the series of events with muscle contractions?
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1. Cross bridge formation
2. Power stroke of myosin head 3. Cross bridge detachment 4. Re-cocking of myosin head (ATP) 5. Repeat |
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I- Band
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Only the actin filaments
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H- Band
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- Only myosin
- Disappears with contraction |
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Z- Band
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- Boundary of tissue
- Can only see actin |
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What are muscle strength determination?
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- Mass
- Volume - Cross sectional area |
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Muscle spindles
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Sensory for the muscles
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Golgi tendons
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Protect the tendon from too much tension
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How long does it take for true strength gains?
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6-8 weeks
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What does the skeleton system consist of?
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- Bone
- Cartilage - Ligaments - Tendon - Capsule |
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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- Protect vital structure
- Support - Mechanical bases for movement - Salt storage (Calcium) - Provides new blood cells continuously |
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What bones do the axial skeleton consist of?
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Bones of the head and trunk
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What bones to the appendicular skeleton consist of?
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Bones of the limbs including the pectoral and pelvic girdles
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How many types of bone tissue is there?
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2
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What are the types of bone tissue?
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- Cortical
- Cancelous |
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This type of bone tissue is 70-90% mineralized and is dense and very organized but contains numerous passageways for blood and nerve supplies.
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Cortical
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This type of bone tissue is only 10-70% mineralized and is disorganized and consists of small beam like pieces of bone with a lot of open spaces filled with red bone marrow.
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Cancelous
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Double layered membrane surrounding the outer surface of bone
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Periosteum
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What does thenouter fibrous layer contain?
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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What are the two outernlayers of the periosteum?
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- Outer fibrous layer
- inner osteogenic layer |
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This layer primary consist of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Inner osteogenic layer
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What do osteoblasts do?
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Build bone cells
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What do osteoclasts do?
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Tears down cell tissue
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Endosteum
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Internal surface of bone that is covered in delicate connective tissue
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Diaphysis
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Shaft that constitutes then long axis of the bone
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Medullary cavity
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Located in the center of the diaphysis and contains fat or yellow marrow
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Epiphysis
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End of the bones
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Epiphyseal line
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A cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and the epiphysis
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How is blood supplied into the bone?
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Periosteum
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What is the periosteal nerve innervated about?
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Sensory and pain fibers
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Where are the vasomotor nerves found?
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Within bone and regulate blood flow through the bone marrow by causing vasoconstriction or dilation
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Can weight bearing cause model/remodeling of the bone?
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Yes
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What are the three types of cartilage?
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1. Hyaline
2. Fibrocartliage 3. Elastic |
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What is stress
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Force over tissue or load
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What is strain
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Increase in tissue length
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What region of the stress strain curve is known as the elastic area?
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Toe region
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What part of the stress strain curve has the structure stretch to its point?
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Yield point
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What is the point of no return?
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Failure
Rupture |
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What part of the stress strain curve actually gets the structure to work?
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Elastic region
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Synarthrosis
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Immovable joints
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Amphiarthrosis
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Slightly moveable joints
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Diarthrosis
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Freely moveable joints
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Where is blood flow to articular cartilage the highest?
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In the zone where cartilage attaches to the bone
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What is the function of synovial fluid?
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To lubricate the joints
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What are the 6 major type of synovial joints?
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1. Plane
2. Hinge 3. Saddle 4. Condyloid 5. Ball and socket 6. Pivot |
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The knee is what type of joint?
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Hinge
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Phalangeal joint is what type of joint?
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Condyloid
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AC joint is what type of joint?
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Plane
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Hip is an example of what type of joint?
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Ball and socket
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The radiohumeral joint is what type of joint?
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Pivot
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Osteokinematics
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Gross bone movements
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Physiologic movement
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Voluntary movement
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Arthrokinematics
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Articulating joint surfaces
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Accessory movement
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Roll, slides, and spins
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Closed pack position
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When joint is most stable and congruent
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Open pack position
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Least amount of congruency
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Blood from heart to body
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Arteries
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Blood from capillary beds to heart
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Veins
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What does the right lymphatic trunk drain?
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Upper right quadrant only
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Remainder of body besides the upper right quadrant
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