Psychopathology: Biological Basis Of Behavioural Disorders

Front 1

What percentage of the U.S population at some point in life reports symptoms that match the defining features of a major psychiatric disorder?

Back 1

1/3

Front 2

Are psychiatric disorders more prevalent in men or women?

Back 2

Same

Front 3

What is the peak age for depression and antisocial personality disorder?

Back 3

25- 44

Front 4

What is the peak age of disorders of cognitive impairment?

Back 4

> 65

Front 5

In a given year what percentage of the adult population experiences psychiatric symptoms?

Back 5

19%

Front 6

Delusions

Back 6

False beliefs strongly held despite contrary evidence

Front 7

What sexually transmitted disease can cause symptoms resembling schizophrenia?

Back 7

Syphilitic Psychosis

Front 8

Schizophrenia

Back 8

A severe psychopathologycharacterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal, impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Front 9

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

Back 9

1-2% approximately 2.2 million americans

Front 10

Dissociative Thinking

Back 10

A condition seen in Schizophrenia that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly.

Front 11

Dementia Praecox refers to what aspect of Schizophrenia?

Back 11

"Praecox" means early, "de" means to move away from and "mentia" means the mind. Refers to Schizophrenia's early onset.

Front 12

What are the characteristic 3 symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Back 12

1. Auditory Hallucinations
2. Highly personalized delusions
3. Changes in affect

Front 13

What are the 2 major divisions of Schizophrenic symptoms?

Back 13

Positive symptoms and Negative symptoms, which may respond differently to drug treatments suggesting that they arise from different neural abnormalities.

Front 14

Positive Symptoms

Back 14

Abnormal behavioral states that have been gained

Front 15

Negative Symptoms

Back 15

Abnormality resulting from a loss of normal functions

Front 16

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 16

Hallucinations and delusions.

Front 17

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be the result of what?

Back 17

Hyperactivity in the neural circuits

Front 18

Why may the positive symptoms of schizophrenia typically develop in late adolescence?

Back 18

Late adolescence is when the prefrontal cortex finishes developing.

Front 19

What 3 first rank symptoms distinguish schizophrenia from other disorders?

Back 19

1. Auditory Hallucinations
2. Highly personalized delusions
3. Changes in affect

Front 20

Do positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia appear first?

Back 20

Negative symptoms, although they are more subtle.

Front 21

Do more treatments for Schizophrenia typically treat negative or positive symptoms?

Back 21

Positive Symptoms, because they are more visible.

Front 22

What are the typical negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Back 22

Flat affect
Alogia
Social withdrawal
Anhedonia
Catatonia
Reduced motivation

Front 23

The negative symptoms of Schizophrenia are thought to be the result of what?

Back 23

Hypofrontality, meaning decreased functionality in the prefrontal cortex.

Front 24

Eugen Bleuler classified the key symptom of Schizophrenia as what?

Back 24

Dissociative thinking

Front 25

Schizophrenia inheritance likely involves (a) ______ gene(s).

Back 25

Multiple Genes

Front 26

1.___ % of monozygotic twins are concordant for schizophrenia. 2.____% of dizygotic twins are concordant for schizophrenia. The 3._______ rate of concordance in monozygotic twins is evidence that schizophrenia is 3.____________ (heritable/ not heritable).

Back 26

1. 50%
2. 17%
3. Higher
4. Heritable

Front 27

In twins disconcordant for Schizophrenia, the Schizophrenic twin typically shows what early behavioral and physical differences from their non-schizophrenic twin?

Back 27

Lower birth weight
Increased physiological distress
Submissive
Tearful
Sensitive
Vulnerable

Front 28

Schizophrenics have what type of measurable motor impairment?

Back 28

Saccades, Inability to use normal smooth movements of their eyes to follow a moving target.

Front 29

What are the potential non-genetic causes of Schizophrenia?

Back 29

1. Environment
2. Drug Abuse (Amphetamines)
3. Viruses
4. Brain Damage
5. Childhood Trauma
6. Birth Trauma

Front 30

What does the animal model of amphetamine use demonstrate about Schizophrenia?

Back 30

Amphetamine use in animal models induced pacing which is a positive symptom of Schizophrenia.

Front 31

Genes influencing Schizophrenia are scattered across 1.___ of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.

Back 31

1. 15

Front 32

Which genes have been identified as abnormal in a substantial number of people with Schizophrenia?

Back 32

1. Neuregulin 1 (regulates NMDA, GABA and ACh receptors).
2. Dysbindin (presynaptic plasticity)
3. Catechol-O- methyltransferase (metabolize DA) and G72 (glutaminergic activity)

Front 33

Why is paternal age thought to be a risk factor for Schizophrenia?

Back 33

Because their sperm is older and therefore the product of more cellular divisions than younger men which increases the chances of mutation.

Front 34

What ventricular abnormalities are sometimes found in Schizophrenics?

Back 34

Enlarged cerebral ventricles particularly the lateral ventricles which remains after initial onset.

Front 35

The extent of the enlargement of the lateral ventricles in a Schizophrenic predicts what?

Back 35

Responsiveness to antipsychotic drugs.

Front 36

What limbic system abnormalities may be present in Schizophrenics and what symptoms may the abnormalities cause?

Back 36

Reduced size and function of the Hippocampus, Amygdala, Parahippocampal regions, Cingulate Gyrus. Responsible for flattened affect.

Front 37

What may cause ventricular enlargement in Schizophrenics?

Back 37

Atrophy of the Hippocampus and Amygdala which make up the walls of some areas of the cerebral ventricles. Some of this may occur prenatally.

Front 38

What differences in brain activation are evident on an EEG between controls and Schizophrenics?

Back 38

Schizophrenics have a reduced activation of the P300 wave which is implicated in information processing.

Front 39

Which area of the brain contains disorganized cells in Schizophrenics?

Back 39

The hippocampal pyramidal cells in chronic Schizophrenics show a characteristic disorganization occurring in-utero from the abnormal synaptic arrangements of the inputs and outputs of these cells.

Front 40

What is a possible root cause of brain disorganization in Schizophrenics?

Back 40

Maternal exposure to influenza in the second trimester.