Psychology Test 2

Front 1

Generalization

Back 1

react to things that are similar to CS

Front 2

Discrimination

Back 2

discriminate between the CS and similar things

Front 3

Extinction

Back 3

“wears off”

Front 4

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 4

CS returns

Front 5

Classical conditioning

Back 5

learning to associate "something" with "something" that it has never been associated with before.

Front 6

Operant Conditioning-

Back 6

learning to change to behavior based upon the consequences (good and bad) B.F. Skinner

Front 7

The Law of Effect

Back 7

behavior followed by good consequences will probably occur again. Behavior followed by bad consequences will probably not occur again.

Front 8

Shaping-

Back 8

•reinforcement (increase a target behavior)
•reinforce behaviors that successively lead up to the target behavior

Front 9

Modeling

Back 9

refers to when you see someone do a behavior you are modeling their behavior

Front 10

Learned Helplessness

Back 10

1. result of learning
2. experiences abuse, neglect, mistreatment, trauma, over a long period of time
3. repeatedly try to escape
4. every attempt is unsuccessful

Front 11

Observational Learning

Back 11

learn by watching others

Front 12

Memory

Back 12

1. Encode- you have to understand it
2. Store-
3. retrieval

Front 13

Sensory memory-

Back 13

1. Ichonic memory- visual memory that holds info for a portion of a second
2. Echoic memory- auditory memory that holds information for a few seconds
3

Front 14

Maintenance Rehearsal-

Back 14

repeating it until you can put it somewhere else

Front 15

Chunking

Back 15

process to group info together to make it easier to remember

Front 16

Long term memory

Back 16

limitless

Front 17

Procedural Memory

Back 17

skills, procedures

Front 18

Episodic memory

Back 18

personal memories of events

Front 19

Semantic Memory

Back 19

general knowledge (definitions, facts, dates, trivia)

Front 20

Eidetic Memory

Back 20

Photographic memory

Front 21

Mnemonic Devices

Back 21

"memory aids"

Front 22

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 22

use repetition

Front 23

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 23

make a connection between information that is already in your memory and the new information

Front 24

Interference

Back 24

1. retroactive-new information interferes with old information
2. proactive- old information interferes with new

Front 25

Serial Position Effect

Back 25

1. the order of how info is presented will impact memory.
a. The Primacy Effect- first bits of info remembered better.
b. The Recency Effect- memory better for more recent bits of info.

Front 26

Forgetting

Back 26

• Organic Amnesia- loss of memory due to an illness or injury
• Retrograde Amnesia- forget anything before the event Old info
• Anterograde Amnesia- forget anything after the event

Front 27

False memory-

Back 27

event that never occurred

Front 28

State dependent memory

Back 28

• memory retrieval will be its best if done in the same "state" (location or environment, mental state, physical state)

Front 29

Flashbulb Memory

Back 29

events that are so vivid it's like a photograph

Front 30

Hebb's cell assemblies

Back 30

neurons whose activities have been altered b

Front 31

Schedules of reinforcement-

Back 31

Continuous

Partial

Ratio means number of times you do a behavior.

Interval- amount of time (clock or calendar)

Fixed Ratio- fixed number of times you do a behavior
Variable Ratio- changing number of times you do a behaviior ( unset)
Fixed Interval- Fixed amout of time on clock, calendar
Variable Interval- changing amount of times you do a behavior

Front 32

Motivation

Back 32

The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior.

Front 33

Psychoneuroimmunology

Back 33

science of how psychology. impacts your neurology

Front 34

1. Trial & Error

Back 34

a. looking at every possible solutions one by one to see which one is correct.
b. Disadvantage- trial and error

Front 35

2. Heuristics-

Back 35

a. rules of thumb
b. quick fix solution

Front 36

3. Algorithm

Back 36

a. Guaranteed a solution by evaluating every possible scenario until a solution is found

Front 37

4. Functional Fixedness

Back 37

a. When someone gets stuck on an object’s intended purpose and is unable to see the other functions it could serve

Front 38

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-

Back 38

IQ test

Front 39

Confirmation Bias- Social psychology

Back 39

only listen to evidence that support your opinion

Front 40

Long Term Potentiation

Back 40

more a neuron is stimulated, the less stimulation it will need to be used in future

Front 41

Hebb's cell assemblies

Back 41

neurons being altered through experiance

Front 42

psycholinguistics

Back 42

branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance

Front 43

Phonemes

Back 43

Smallest units of meaningful language

Front 44

3. Morphemes-

Back 44

b. Smallest unit of language
c. No meaning by itself- sound

Front 45

3. Syntax

Back 45

a. Synonymous with grammar
b. A languages rules for how to combine words into sentences

Front 46

Nature-Nurture (Controversy) Issue

Back 46

1. Nature- Genetics ( genetic predisposition)
2. Nurture- environment / experiences

Front 47

Maturation

Back 47

refers to the genetic sequence of how we develop

Front 48

4. Semantics

Back 48

a. meanings

Front 49

Prenatal Development

Back 49

1. Germinal Stage- shortest- begins when egg and sperm meet, cell division occurs
2. Embryonic Stage- begins when egg implants in uterus wall
i. Organogenesis- organ and organ systems start to develop
3. Fetal Stages- longest
i. Viability- the point at which that developing baby can survive outside the womb.

Front 50

Physical Growth

Back 50

1. Cephalocaudal- the pattern of development where things near the head develop before things further away (tail)
2. Proximodistal- pattern of development where things at the center of the body develop before things farther away

Front 51

1. Assimilation

Back 51

use their existing ways of understanding to label new objects and experiences

Front 52

2. Accommodation

Back 52

they change their existing ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences.

Front 53

Jean Piaget’ Theory (4 stages) Know order

Back 53

a. Sensorimotor- (infants)
1. Object Permanence- realization that object continue to exist when out of view
b. Preoperational- (2-Preschool)
1. Use of symbols
2. Conservation- the understanding that things remain the same even if you change the appearance
3. Egocentrism- view the world as being centered around themselves
c. Concrete Operations
d. Formal Operations

Front 54

Attachment

Back 54

Intense emotional tie between two individuals, such as an infant and a parent

Front 55

Mary Ainsworth's "Strange Situation"

Back 55

procedure, where a on year old behavior in unfamiliar enviorment is assessed under various circumstances.

Front 56

Erik Erikson's Theory

Back 56

1. Trust versus Mistrust

2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

3. Initiative versus guilt

4. Industry versus inferiority

5. Identity versus role confusion

6. Intimacy versus isolation

7. Generativity versus stagnation

8. Ego integrity versus despair

Front 57

Gender Identity

Back 57

and individual's subjective sense of being male or female

Front 58

Gender Role

Back 58

set of behavior that is considered normal and appropriate for each sex in society