Psychology Test 1-4

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 2

behavior

Back 2

all of our outward or overt actions and reactions

Front 3

mental processes

Back 3

all the internal covert activity of our mind

Front 4

biopsychical perspective

Back 4

human and animal behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body

Front 5

cognitive perspective

Back 5

focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, though processes, problem solving, language and learning

Front 6

sociocultural percpective

Back 6

combines social psychology and cultural psychology

Front 7

evolutionary perspective

Back 7

focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics taht all humans share

Front 8

Four goals of psychology

Back 8

Describe, explain, Predict, and Control

Front 9

Describe

Back 9

involves observing a behavior and noting everything about it
WHAT

Front 10

Explain

Back 10

WHY something is happening

Front 11

Predict

Back 11

determining what will happen in the future

Front 12

Control

Back 12

the modification of some behavior

Front 13

Goal of control

Back 13

to change an undesirable behavior into a desirable one

Front 14

Functionalism

Back 14

how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

Front 15

Gestalt Psychology

Back 15

"Good Figure" Psychology
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Front 16

Freud = Psychoanalysis

Back 16

people thought he was crazy bc he wanted to talk aout sex and dreams
Victorian Age

Front 17

Psychiatrist

Back 17

Medical Docotorate Degree
Can write prescriptions and diagnose psychological disorders

Front 18

Psycholanalyst

Back 18

either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has had special training in Sigmund and Freud and his method of psychoanalysis

Front 19

Psychiatric Social Worker

Back 19

trained in the area of social work and usually posseses a Master of Social Work degree of a licensed clinical xocial work degree
Checks on them

Front 20

Psychologists

Back 20

no medical training but has a doctorate degree
Talks to people

Front 21

Scientific method

Back 21

system if gathering data so the bias and error in measurments are reduced

Front 22

Steps to the scientific method

Back 22

1) percieve the ?
2) Formm a hypothesis (educated qeuss)
3) test the hypothesis
4) draw conclusions
5)report your results so that others can try to replicate

Front 23

Psychologists use the scientific method to...

Back 23

see only what is really there, not what theri bias might want them see

Front 24

Coorilation

Back 24

a measure of the relationship between two or more variables

Front 25

Variable

Back 25

anything that can change or vary

Front 26

independent variable

Back 26

the name for the variable that is manipulated in the experiment

Front 27

dependent variable

Back 27

the response of the participants that is measured

Front 28

placebo effect

Back 28

the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Front 29

Placebo

Back 29

the control group is given a harmless subsitute for the real thing, this substitute (which has no medical effect)is the... (medical is just an example)

Front 30

Central Nervous System

Back 30

composed of the brain and spinal cord

Front 31

Brain

Back 31

interprets and stores info and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs

Front 32

Spinal cord

Back 32

pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system

Front 33

Neurons

Back 33

the specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with in that system

Front 34

dendrites

Back 34

the part of the neuron that recieves messages from other cells

Front 35

soma

Back 35

the part of the cell that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning

Front 36

axon

Back 36

a fiber attatched to the soma
it carries messages out of other cells

Front 37

sensory neurons

Back 37

carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord

Front 38

motor neurons

Back 38

carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Front 39

Somatic Nervous System

Back 39

all of the nerves carrying messges from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

Front 40

sensory pathway

Back 40

nerves coming from the senses

Front 41

motor pathway

Back 41

nerves taht carry messages to the voluntary muscles

Front 42

Autonomic nervous system

Back 42

controls organs, glands, and involuntary muscles

Front 43

sympathetic division

Back 43

primarily located on the middle of the spinal column
fight-or-flight

Front 44

parasympathetic division

Back 44

eat-drink-rest system
restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the glands

Front 45

electroencenphalograph EEG

Back 45

records teh electrical activity of the neurons just below the skull

Front 46

CT scans

Back 46

a series of X-rays of the brain aided by a computer

Front 47

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI scans

Back 47

sames as a CT scan but more detailed and enhanced

Front 48

Positronic emission tomography PET scans

Back 48

a person is injected with a radioactive gluclose to show activity in the brain

Front 49

thalamus

Back 49

relays info from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex

Front 50

cerebral cortex

Back 50

controls complex thought proceses

Front 51

corpus callosum

Back 51

connects right and left hemispheres of the brain

Front 52

hypothalamus

Back 52

regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sex drive and aggression

Front 53

pituritary gland

Back 53

regulates other endocrine glands

Front 54

pons

Back 54

relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex

Front 55

medulla

Back 55

part of the brain where nerves cross from one side of the body to the opposite side of brain

Front 56

Reticullar formation

Back 56

a system of nerves that control arousal and attention

Front 57

Cerebellum

Back 57

controls balance and maintains muscle coordination

Front 58

hippocampus

Back 58

plays a role in our emotions, ability to remember, ability to compare sensory info to expectations

Front 59

amygdala

Back 59

influences our motivation, emotional control, fear response, and interpretations of nonverbal emotional expressions

Front 60

cerebral hemispheres

Back 60

the two sections of the cortex in the left and right sides of the brain

Front 61

occipital lobe

Back 61

section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

Front 62

parietal lobe

Back 62

top and back of the cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

Front 63

temporal lobes

Back 63

areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing meaningful speech

Front 64

frontal lobe

Back 64

areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

Front 65

endocrine glands

Back 65

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Front 66

pineal glands

Back 66

endocrine gland that secretes melatonin

Front 67

pancreas

Back 67

endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood

Front 68

thyroid gland

Back 68

endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism

Front 69

gonads

Back 69

sex glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

Front 70

ovaries

Back 70

female gonads

Front 71

testes

Back 71

male gonads

Front 72

adrenal glands

Back 72

release 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a second sex hormone

Front 73

How a women used her brain

Back 73

they use both sides of their brain/more emotional/form relationships/be emotionally sensitive/use the right hemisphere for problem solve

Front 74

sensory receptors

Back 74

specialized forms of neurons

Front 75

just noticeable threshold or noticeable threshold

Back 75

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is dectable 50% of the time

Front 76

absolute threshold

Back 76

the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time it is present

Front 77

brightness

Back 77

determined by the amplitude of the wave

Front 78

color or hue

Back 78

determined by the length of the wave
longer wave lengths = red end
short wave lenths = blue end

Front 79

three psychological aspects to the experience of light

Back 79

brightness/color/saturation

Front 80

saturation

Back 80

refers to the purity of the color people see

Front 81

sounds waves

Back 81

the vibrations of the molecules of air that surrounds us

Front 82

wavelengths

Back 82

interpreted by the brain as teh frequencies or pitch (high medium or low)

Front 83

taste buds

Back 83

taste receptors/specialized kinds of neuorons found in the mouth that are responsible for the sense of taste
located on the tongue, roof of mouth, cheeks, and under the tongue

Front 84

bumps on the tongue are called

Back 84

papillae

Front 85

motion sickness

Back 85

the disagreement between what the eyes say and what the body says/the tendency to get nauseated when in a moving vehicle

Front 86

Perception

Back 86

the method by which people take all the sensations they experience at any given moment and interpret them in some meaningful fashion

Front 87

Gestalt principles

Back 87

based on the idea that people have a natural tendency to force patterns onto whatever they see
figure ground
proximity
similarity
closure
continuity
contiguity

Front 88

figure ground

Back 88

the tendency to perceive objects, or figures as existing on some background

Front 89

proximity

Back 89

tendency to percieve objects that are close to one another as part of the same grouping

Front 90

similarity

Back 90

the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group

Front 91

closure

Back 91

the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

Front 92

continuity

Back 92

the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather tahn with a complex broken up pattern

Front 93

contiguity

Back 93

the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

Front 94

Extrasensory perception ESP

Back 94

clain of perception that occurs withouth the use of normal sensory channels such as sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell
"psychics"

Front 95

circadian rythem

Back 95

sleep-wake cycle

Front 96

sleep deprivation

Back 96

loss of sleep a serious problem/ trembling hands, inattention, staring off into space, droopy eyelids, general discomfort

Front 97

REM rapid eye movement

Back 97

relatively active type of sleep when most of a person's dreaming takes place

Front 98

non REM sleep

Back 98

very deep more restful sleep

Front 99

melatonin

Back 99

in the hypothalamus is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (internal clock) as daylight fades, the SCN tell the pineal gland to secrete this hormone. when this hormone accumulates a person will feel sleepy

Front 100

sleepwalking

Back 100

more common in childhood than any other age and also more common in boys

Front 101

REM rebound

Back 101

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

Front 102

sleep apnea

Back 102

disorder where a person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more

Front 103

Manifest content

Back 103

the actual dream itself

Front 104

latent content

Back 104

the true hidden meaning of a dream

Front 105

hypnosis

Back 105

a state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestions

Front 106

first element of hypnosis

Back 106

the hypnotists tells the person to focus on what is being said

Front 107

second element of hypnosis

Back 107

the person is told to relax and feel tired

Front 108

third element of hypnosis

Back 108

the hypnotist tells the person to "let go" and accept the suggestions easily

Front 109

fourth element of hypnosis

Back 109

the person is told to use vivid imagination

Front 110

psychoactive drugs

Back 110

the use of drugs that alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of those abilities

Front 111

drug tolerance

Back 111

it takes more and more of the drug to feel the same effect as in the beginnign

Front 112

withdrawal

Back 112

what a person goes through when they are not on the drug

Front 113

psychological dependence

Back 113

feeling that the drug is needed to continue the feeling of wellbeing they have

Front 114

stimulants

Back 114

drugs that cause the nervous system and many of the organs connected to it to increase their activity at least temporarily

Front 115

narcotics

Back 115

a class of drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphines

Front 116

hallucinogens

Back 116

drugs that cause false sensory messages altering the perception of reality