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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a top down (indirect) theory? |
A top down theory emphasises the involvement of context and prior knowledge to interpret sensory information around us. Stresses the importance of higher cognitive processing starting the perceptual process. |
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What is a bottom up (direct) theory? |
Based on the assumption that the process of visual perception begins with the physical properties of visual stimuli, e.g. patterns of light reflected from objects in the environment. |
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What type of theory did Gibson make? |
bottom up -states array of information in our sensory receptors is all we need to perceive anything -No need to recall stored knowledge or past experience to mediate between sensory experience and perception - ecological |
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Gibson's 4 assumptions |
1) the pattern of light reaching the eye can be thought of as an optic array, which contains all the information necessary for perception 2) important information is provided by the movement of the observer 3) the optic array contains invariant information (information which remains constant as the observer moves) 4) This invariant information leads directly to perception |
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What is the optic array? |
(Gibson) The optic array contains all the visual information from the environment that strikes the eye. The optic array contains unambiguous information about how and where objects are situated in space. Starting point of perception is when the structure of light reaches the observer. Invariant information comes in many forms. |
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What 4 types of invariant information does the optic array consist of? |
The optic flow Texture gradients Horizon ratio Affordances |
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What are affordances? |
"An action possibility available in the environment to an individual, independent of the individuals ability to perceive this possibility" This is direct perception. |
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what is the optic flow? |
The changes in light patterns that reach an observer when the person moves, or when the visual environment moves. flow patterns are created when objects in the visual environment flow past a moving observer. The nature of the flow provides information to the observer about position and depth |
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What are texture gradients? |
Our perceptual world is made up of surfaces of differnent textures, and these textures can be used to assist the perception of depth and orientation. Texture gradients refer to the change and relative size and compactness of the collection of objects in our visual field. |
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What is the horizon ratio in perception? |
All objects of the same height, whatever distance from the observer are cut by the horizon in the same ratio. |
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What type of theory did Gregory make |
Top down - emphasises the combination of several sources or information to build and construct our conscious perception of the visual world - states we need to use higher cognitive processes to interpret the information in the sensory stimulus appropriately - past experience + knowledge influence our perception |
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Likelihood principle |
We will perceive the object that is most likely to occur in that particular situation |
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Perceptual set |
e |
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Ambiguous perceptions |
Perceptual representation of the world is much richer and more detailed than expected if we solely relied on visual stimuli. Hypothesis testing - Gregory believes we test one hypothesis and then the other and because there is no surrounding context to tell us which is correct, we switch between the two. (Nector cube) Usually enough contextual cues to confirm a single hypothesis however if perception involves hypothesis testing, we will sometimes makes errors. Visual illusions are examples of perceptional errors. |
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Palmer |
h |
