Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Polarized state
Resting Potential or Action Potential |
Resting Potential |
|
At Rest does the fluid inside the axon have more negatively charged ions then the fluid outside or more positively charged ions. |
Negatively Charged Ions |
|
Sodium-Potassium Pumps |
Pulls potassium ions in and pumps sodium ions out of the axon
|
|
Depolarization-->>Repolarization-->>Action Potential-->>Cell Body-->>Axon-->>Terminal Buttons |
Communication WITHIN the Neuron
|
|
Communication BETWEEN Neurons |
Terminal Buttons release neurotransmitters into synapse-->>Attach to the recieving neuron |
|
A recieving neuron will only produce action potential and carry the message if.......... |
Excitatory messages from the neurotransmitters outweigh the Inhibitory messages |
|
Acetylcholine (ACh) |
Neurotransmitter-muscle action, learning, memory, REM, emotion decreased=Alzheimer's |
|
Epinephrine |
Emotional arousal, memory storage, metabolism of glucose (energy release)
|
|
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) |
Neural inhabition in the central nervous system; tranquilizing drugs like Valium Increase=decreased anxiety |
|
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
Learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking, eating, alertness, reactions to stress Low=depression High=agitated, manic states |
|
How does poisons and drugs affect the brain |
Replacing, decreasing, or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitters |
|
What type of drugs mimic neurotransmitters and what type blocks them |
Agonist=mimic Antagonist=block |
|
Lower-Level Brain Structures |
Hindbrain Midbrain Parts of Forebrain |
|
Endocrine System |
Pineal- Pituitary (Hypothalamus)- Thyroid- Adrenal- Overies- Testes- Parathyroid- Pancreas |
|
Forebrain |
Higer-level structures & functions Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System, Thalamus, Hypothalamus |
|
Reticular Formation |
Midbrain/Hindbrain-incoming sensory info, control arousal |
|
Midbrain |
Coordinate movement patterns, sleep, arousal Reticular formation |
|
Hindbrain |
Lower-level Structures Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla |
|
Medulla |
Hindbrain vital, automatic functions (respiration, heartbeat) |
|
Pons |
Hindbrain respiration, movement, waking, sleep, dreaming |
|
Cerebellum |
Hindbrain fine muscle movement, balance, some perception & cognition
|
|
Cerebral Cortex |
Forebrain Thin outer layer complex behaviors & higher mental processes |
|
Hypothalamus |
Forebrain drives (hunger, thirst, sex, aggression); governs Endocrine system; emotion and reward *limbic system* |
|
Thalamus |
Forebrain Sensory Switchboard *limbic system* |
|
Hippocampus |
Forebrain memory *limbic system* |
|
Amygdala |
*limbic system* Regulates emotions aggression & fear |
|
Brainstem |
automatic survival functions (heartbeat, respiration) |
|
Spinal Cord |
CNS transmits info between the brain & body reflexes |
|
Limbic System |
Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala Forebrain Structures Emotions, Drives, Memory |
|
Broca's Area |
Left hemisphere Frontal Lobe speech production |
|
Wernicke's Area |
Left hemisphere Temporal Lobe language comprehension |
|
Frontal Lobes |
Coordinates messages from other lobes motor control (motor cortex), speech production, higher functions |
|
Motor Cortex |
Voluntary movement frontal lobe |
|
Somatosensory Cortex |
Parietal Lobes recieves sensory messages |
|
Parietal Lobes |
recieve/interpret sensations somatosensory cortex |
|
Temporal Lobes |
hearing, language comprehension, memory, some emotional |
|
Name the Lobes in the brain |
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal |
|
Left Hemisphere |
Language functions (speaking, reading, writing, understanding language)
Analytical-figures things out step by step
|
|
Right Hemisphere |
Nonverbal abilities (music, art, preceptual, spatiomanipulative skills, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, some language comprehension
Synthetic- combine to form wholes to figure things out |
|
Methods of Behavioral Genetic Research |
Twin Family Adoption Abnormalities
|
|
Pineal Gland |
sleep cycle, body rhythms |
|
Pituitary Gland |
growth secretes hormones that affect other glands controled by hypothalamus |
|
Adrenal Glands |
arouse body,respond to stress, salt balance, some sexual functions |
|
Parathyroid Gland |
regulates calcium in blood |
|
Subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System |
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System |
|
Somatic Nervous System |
Subdivision of the PNS incoming sensory info outgoing motor info sense organs & skeletal muscles |
|
Autonomic Nervous System |
Subdivision of the PNS nerves outside of CNS that maintain normal functioning glands, heart,
|
|
Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System |
Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System |