Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 3 major psychologies? |
1. Structuralism 2. Functionalism 3. Psychoanalysis |
|
|
Define Structuralism & who helped develop it |
Wilhelm WUNDT, analyzed sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements |
|
|
Define Functionalism & who helped develop it |
William JAMES, emphasized the function or purpose of behaviour and consciousness |
|
|
Define Psychoanalysis & who helped develop it |
Sigmund FREUD, "mind cures" - efforts to correct the "false ideas" that were said to make people anxious, depressed, and unhappy Theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originally formulated by Freud |
|
|
What are the major psychological perspectives? |
1. Biological 2. Learning 3. Cognitive 4. Sociocultural 5. Psychodynamic |
|
|
Describe the biological perspective
|
Emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts |
|
|
Describe the learning perspective (behaviourist theorists) |
Concerned with how the environment and experience will affect a person's actions |
|
|
Describe the learning perspective (social-cognitive theorists) |
Believe people learn by adapting their behaviour to the environment, also by intimidating others and by thinking about events happening around them |
|
|
Describe Cognitive perspective |
How people reason, remember, and understand language, solve problems, explain experiences, etc. Emphasis on mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and other areas of behaviour |
|
|
Define Socio-Culture perspective |
Focus on social and cultural forces outside the individual, forces that shape every aspect of behaviour |
|
|
Describe Psychodynamic perspective |
Deals with unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or instinctual energy |
|
|
What are the 2 types of psychological research? and describe them |
1. Basic psychology - study of psychological issues to seek knowledge for own sake rather than practical application 2. Applied psychology - study of psychological issues that have a direct practical significance; also the application of psychological findings |
|
|
What are the types of Psychologists and what education do they need? |
1. Psychotherapist - unregulated term for anyone who does therapy including persons with no credentials or training at all 2. Clinical Psychologist - have PhD, EdD, or PsyD 3. Psychiatrists - have MD 4. Psychoanalysts - licensed clinical social workers have a variety of postgraduate credentials |
|
|
What makes psychological research scientific? (5) |
1. Precision 2. Skepticism 3. Reliance on empirical evidence 4. willingness to make "risky" predictions 5. Openness |
|
|
What are correlational studies? |
Descriptive study that kooks for a consistent relationship between 2 phenomena |
|
|
What are the 3 types of experiments? describe them |
1. Control condition - a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition 2. Single-blind study - participants do not know wether they are in an experiment or a control group but the researchers do 3. Double-blind study - neither the participant or experimenter know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group |
|
|
Define evolution |
A change in gene frequencies within a population, change that typically takes place over many years |
|
|
How do genes genetically influence individuals? |
Individuals with a more genetically influenced trait tend to be more successful at finding food, surviving the elements, and fighting off enemies therefore, better at staying alive long enough to produce offspring - their genes will become more and more common in the population |
|
|
How has evolution taught us to ways to maximize our chances in passing our genes? |
Evolution has bred into each of us a tendency to act in certain ways to maximize our changes Females need to "shop" for best genetic deal b/c they can only carry and conceive a limited number of children |
|
|
Define identical (monozygotic) twins |
Twins that develop within a fertilized egg that divides into two parts that develop into 2 separate embryos |
|
|
Define fraternal (dizygotic) twins |
Develop from 2 separate eggs fertilized by different sperm; no more alike than siblings |
|
|
Define the central nervous system (consisting of, how sends messages) |
Consists of brain and spinal cord
Receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory info - about tastes, smells, colour, pressure on skin, the state of internal organs, etc. Nerve pulses - bring messages to the spinal cord and the spinal cord immediately sends outa command via other muscles |
|
|
The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of two parts, what are they? |
1. Somatic (bodily) nervous system 2. Autonomic (self governing) system |
|
|
What does the Somatic nervous system regulate? |
Consists of nervous that are connected to sensory receptors and also to the muscles that permit voluntary action |
|
|
The Autonomic Nervous System breaks down further into 2 parts, what are they? |
1. Somatic
2. Parasympathetic |
|
|
What does the Autonomic Nervous system regulate? |
Regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the heart, stomach, and bladder. |
|
|
What does the Sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system do? |
Mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress |
|
|
What does the Parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system do? |
Operates during relaxed states and conserves energy and stores energy |
|
|
What are Neurons? What do they do? |
Brains communication specialists, transmits information to, from, within, the central nervous system |
|
|
What are Glia? What do they do? |
Glia provide neurons with nutrients, insulate them, help them grow, and protect them from toxic debris |
|
|
What are dendrites? How does is help neurons? |
A neurons branches that receives information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body |
|
|
What is a cell body? How does it help neurons? |
Part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire |
|
|
What is an axon? How does does it help neurons? |
an axon is a neurons extending fibre that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them from to other neurons |
|
|
What are pons? In which ways does it deal with the brain? |
A structure in the brain stem involved in sleeping, waking, and dreaming |
|
|
What function is the medulla responsible for? |
Responsible for automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate |
|
|
What function is the cerebellum responsible for? |
A brain structure that regulates movement and balance, is involved in remembering simple skills and acquired reflexes, and plays a role in cognitive and emotional learning |
|
|
What is the thalamus responsible for? |
Relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex |
|
|
What function does the hypothalamus serve? |
Involved in emotions and drives vital to survival; it regulates the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
What function does the hippocampus serve? |
Involved in the storage of new information in the memory |
|
|
What is the function of the occipital lobes? |
Visual processessing |
|
|
What is the function of the parietal lobes? |
Processing of pressure, touch, pain, and temperature |
|
|
What is the function of the temporal lobes? |
Memory, perception, emotion, hearing, and language comprehension
|
|
|
What is the function of the frontal lobes? |
Movement, STM, planning, setting goals, creative thinking, social judgement, speech production, etc. |
|
|
What is a split-brain? |
Having the corpus callosum severed or absent, so as to eliminate the main connection between the two hemispheres of the brain |
|
|
Define the term plasticity |
Plasticity is the brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience, by neurogenesis or by reorganizing or growing new neural connections |
|
|
What is Rapid Eye Movement Sleep? (REM Sleep) How often does it reoccur? How long does it last? |
Sleep periods characterized by eye movements, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming Reoccurs every 90 mins Last from a few mins up to an hour (average 20mins) |
|
|
What happens to the brain waves during the first stage of sleep? |
Brain waves become small and rapid wave lengths |
|
|
What happens to the brain waves during the second stage of sleep? |
Brain emits occasional short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves called sleep spindals |
|
|
What happens to the brain waves during the third stage of sleep? |
Brain occasional emits delta waves, very slow w/ high peaks |
|
|
What happens during the fourth stage of sleep? |
Very deep sleep |
|
|
What are the 3 major theories of dreaming? |
1. Problem-focused 2. Cognitive |
|
|
What is the problem-focused theory believe the purpose of dreaming is? |
To express ongoing concerns of waking life and/or resolve current concerns + problems |
|
|
What is the cognitive theory believe the purpose of dreaming is? |
Same as in waking-to-life express concerns and interests |
|
|
What does the activation-synthesis theory believe the purpose of dreaming is? |
None; dreams occur b/c of random brain-stem signals though critical interpretations of those signals may reflect concerns and conflicts |
|
|
What are sense receptors? and what do they do? |
They convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain
|
|
|
What is Synesthesia? What does this condition do to people? |
This condition stimulates one one sense which then evokes another Ex: people with this condition may say that the colour purple smells like a rose |
|
|
What is the absolute threshold? |
The smallest amount of energy that a person can detect reliably "Reliable" detection is said to occur when a person can detect a single 50% of the time |
|
|
What is the difference threshold? |
The smallest difference in stimulation that a person can detect reliably when two stimuli are compared |
|
|
What are the Psychological and Cultural Influences on Perceptual Powers? (4) |
1. Needs 2. Beliefs 3. Emotions 4. Expectations |
|
|
What is the definition of priming? |
A person is exposed to information (subliminally or explicitly) and its later tested to see whether the info affects performance or other tasks |
|
|
Who is Ivan PAVLOV? |
Conducted famous experiment about dogs and saliva Classical conditioning |
|
|
What is Classical Conditioning? |
Process by which a perviously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already elicits a response and, in in turn, acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response |
|
|
What is higher-order conditioning? |
Procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a stimulus through association with an already established conditioned response Ex: Kayden with birthday - associated with gifts and attention |
|
|
What is extinction? (in classical conditioning) |
The weakening of and eventual disappearance of a learned response |
|
|
An example of Classical Conditioning in Real Life would be? |
Albert the baby with the rabbit and the hammer |
|
|
How does prejudice relate to classical conditioning? |
Evolution may have distilled humans with a readiness to learn to fear unfamiliar members of groups other than their own which relates to prejudice
|
|
|
What is Operant Conditioning? |
The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences |
|
|
What are the 2 consequences of behaviour? |
1. Reinforcement strengthens the response or makes it more likely to reoccur 2. Punishment weakens the response or makes it less likely to occur |
|
|
Who is B.F. SKINNER? |
Created the SKINNER box, when a rat pushes a bar, a food pellet or drop of water is automatically released |
|
|
Who is Edward TOLMAN? |
Placed 3 groups of rats in mazes and observed their behaviour daily for more than 2 weeks Development of Latent learning |
|
|
What is Latent Learning? (operant conditioning) |
Learning not immediately expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcement |
|
|
Why do people obey others? |
People obey authoritative figures because they hope to gain advantages or promotions or to gain knowledge or experience |
|
|
Define the term entrapment? |
A process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action in order to justify their investment of time, money, or effort |
|
|
What is social cognition in relate to social influences on beliefs and behaviour) |
Examine how peoples perceptions of themselves and others affect their relationships and also how the social environment influences their perceptions, beliefs, and values |
|
|
Define Crystallized intelligence
|
Specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime; heavily dependant on education and tends to remain stable over time |
|
|
Define Fluid intelligence |
Capacity to reason and use information to solve problems; relatively independent of education |
|
|
What is the psychometric approach to intelligence? What does it focus on? |
Focuses on how well people on standardize aptitude tests |
|
|
What does the cognitive approach to intelligence emphasize? |
Emphasizes several kinds of intelligence and the strategies people use to solve problems |
|
|
What are STERNBURG's triarchic theories that relates to intelligence? |
1. Analytical
2. Creative/experimental 3. Contextual/practical |
|
|
What is the Three Box Model? |
Proposes three interacting systems; the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
|
|
What is Short-Term Memory? (STM) |
Retains new information for up to 30 seconds General-working memory system which includes and "executive" that controls the retrieval of info from long-term memory and focuses on info need for the task being performed |
|
|
What is Long-Term Memory? (LTM) |
Contains very large amounts of information that must be organized to make it manageable |
|
|
What are procedural memories? |
Procedural memories ("knowing how") are memories for how to perform specific actions |
|
|
What happens (biologically) for Short term memories |
Short term memory involves temporary changes within neurons that alter their ability to release neurotransmitters |
|
|
What happens (biologically) for Long term memory? |
Long-term memory involves lasting structural changes in the synapses |
|
|
What does the amygdala do in relation to memory? |
The amygdala is involved in the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of emotional memories |
|
|
What lobes are especially active during Short term memory and working memory tasks? |
Frontal lobes |
|
|
What role does the Hippocampus play in relation to memory? |
Plays a critical role of formation and retrieval of Long term memory and declarative memories |
|
|
When a person is under stress or in danger, the hypothalamus does what? |
Sends messages to the endocrine glands along two major pathways One activates the sympathetic division of the Autonomic nervous system, releasing adrenal hormones The other, the hypothalamus initiates activity along |
|
|
What is the first step in coping with stress? What is the second? and third? |
1. Reduce the physical effects, through mindfulness and exercise 2. Focus on solving the problem 3. Re-think the solution to the problem |
|
|
What is a set-point? |
|
|
|
What are the two strong predictors of whom people will love? |
Proximity and Similarity effects |
|
|
What is the proximity effect? |
People tend to chose their friends who live geographically close to them as well as romantic interests |
|
|
What is the similarity effect? |
People tend to pick partners who are similar to themselves in characteristics such as age, race, religion, social class, education, etc. |
|
|
What are approach goals? |
Goals that seek out a positive outcome |
|
|
What are Avoidant goals? |
Goals that are avoiding an unpleasant outcome |
|
|
|
|
