Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology
|
science of behavior and mental processes
|
|
mental processes
|
ex: remembering & thinking.
These can be directly observed |
|
cognitive perspective
interneal or external? |
internal
|
|
explain cognitive perspective
|
emphasizes on how our mental processes work & impact behavior
|
|
biological perspective
internal or external? |
internal
|
|
explain biological perspective
|
views our physological harware as major determinents of behavior & mental processes
|
|
what does the biological perspective use :
|
brain & nervous system
|
|
DEPRESION : example of cognitive would be?
|
if someone had internal feelings that the things they did controlled a setback in thier life they would feel poorly about themselves - if they realized other aspects controlled their set backs then they would not feel so bad about themselves
|
|
DEPRESION : example of biological would be?
|
chemical defiency in ones nervous system (nuerotransmitters)
|
|
behavioral is
internal or external? |
external
|
|
sociocultral is
internal or external? |
external
|
|
Behavioral has 2 conditions..
what are they? |
classical & operant
|
|
explain classical behavioral conditioning
|
applying reflexive response to a new object.
aka Pavolian |
|
example of classical/pavolian conditioning
|
ringing of bell and dog's feeding time.
|
|
explain opertant conditioning
|
changing behavior as a result of consequences
aka Skinnerian |
|
example of operant/skinnerian conditioning
|
person wants to exercise more if they get good compliments like "you look good" or will stop working out if someone says "you look like a sweaty pig"
|
|
sociocultural
|
how other ppl & cultural context impact behavior mental processes
|
|
example of sociocultral
|
1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally attacked & murdered..many heard her screams but nobody called for help. why? this would be a sociocultral concern
|
|
descriptive method
|
includes observational
case studies and survery research |
|
case studies are used in what?
|
Clinical settings to gather info. that will help treatment of patient
|
|
what does case studies do?
|
studies individual in depth over time to learn as much as possible
|
|
survey researches use what?
|
quiestionares& interviews to collect info about behavior, beliefs & attitudes
|
|
what makes survery research misleading?
|
wording, order, & structure of questions
|
|
correlational methods
|
2 variables are measured to determine if they are related
|
|
a variable is..
|
any factor that can take on more than one value
|
|
correlation coefficient
|
statistic that shows the type & strength btwn 2 variables
|
|
what will the correlation coefficient value range from?
|
-1.0 to +1.0
|
|
sign (- or +) tells what of the coefficient?
|
if relationship is postive or negative
|
|
positive correlation indicates-
|
direct relationship
|
|
example of positive correlation :
|
SAT scores & GPA of first yr in college
or persons height/weight |
|
negative correlations indicates -
|
inverse relationship
|
|
example of negative correlation
|
time you watch tv & your school grade
or mountain elevation & temp. |
|
3rd Varaible Prob. occurs when
|
..a 3rd, unmeasured varaible is responsible for the relationship observed between two measured varaibles
|
|
experimental key aspect
|
researcher controls the exper. setting
|
|
control allows researcher to make...
|
cause & effect statements about results
|
|
independent varaible
|
hypothesized cause, whcih experimentor manipulates
|
|
dependent varaible
|
hypothesized effect
|
|
group exposed to independent variable
|
experimental group
|
|
group not exposed
|
control group
|
|
sometimes a control group that does not know they are the control group is needed..this is called...
|
placebo group
|
|
group thinks they are recieving treatment but...
|
they are really not
|
|
placebo is..
|
a substance that has no effect
|
|
when a substance that has no effect is given this is called the
|
placebo effect
|
|
Double Blind Procedure
|
neither participants or experimentors know who is who and who got placebo ir treatment
|
|
descriptive stats used to..
|
describe data of research
|
|
descriptive also measures central tendency to
|
summerize data in a single digit
|
|
3 measures of desc.
|
mean, mode, median
|
|
mean is the
|
average
|
|
most commonly used to anaylize data
|
mean
|
|
measures of varablity
|
designed to provide ideaof how scattered a set of scores tend to be
|
|
2 measures of varability is
|
range & standard deviation
|
|
range is the
|
difference btwn highest and lowest in scores
|
|
standard deviation is
|
average extent to which the scores vary from mean of the distribution
|
|
Normal distributions
|
% of scores falling w/ a certain # of deviation
|
|
CHAPTER 2 !!!
nuerons are responsible for |
information transmission throughout the nervous system
|
|
gilial cells support
|
neurons
|
|
they does this in 3 ways
|
1. ) disposing waste
|
|
&
|
2. ) keeping chemical environment stable
|
|
&&
|
3. ) insulation them
|
|
~structure of neuron~
dendrites |
recieve info from other nuerons
|
|
cell body
|
contains nucleus of cell & other systems to keep cell alive
-decides what the dedrites pass |
|
what is passed to the cell body from dendrites
|
the info in which the dendrite recieved
|
|
axon
|
transmits messages through the nueron
|
|
axon terminals
|
at the end of the axon, sends messages to another nueron
|
|
communications within a nureon is
|
electrical
|
|
communication betwn a nueron is
|
chemical
|
|
dedrites can be excitatory or inhibitory.. what is extitatory?
|
generating electrical pulses
|
|
inhibitory?
|
not generating electrial pulses
|
|
intensity of stimulation is
|
encoded by quantity of nuerons generating impulses & number of impulses a second
|
|
myelin sheath
|
insulating layer of fatty, white substance
|
|
what does the myelin sheath allow?
|
electrical messages to be transmitted faster with the nueron
|
|
what does the myelin sheath encase?
|
axon
|
|
axon terminals contain sacs of
|
nuerotransmitters
|
|
nuerotransmitters are ..
|
chemicals that specialize in transmitting info
|
|
nuerotransmitters travel through the syn, gap which is..
|
small space betwn axon terminals of the neuron
|
|
who do brain scans work?
|
nuerons require oxygen & other nutrients such as blood sugar
|
|
nuerotransmitters-
Acetylcholine (ACH) |
invloved in both learning and memory & muscle movement
|
|
Dopamine
|
impacts arousals & mood states, thought processes & phyiscal movement
|
|
Serotonin & norepineprine
|
nuerotrans. involved in levels of arousal & mood
major role in mood disorder & depression |
|
GABA
|
main inhibitory in nervous system
|
|
Endorphins
|
group of neurontrans. that are involved in pain perception & result
|
|
types of nuerons-
internureons |
exists only in central nervous system
|
|
sensory nuerons
|
carry info to nervous system from scensory recetors in the eyes, muscles, & glands
|
|
motor neurons
|
canrry movement commands from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
|
|
central nervous system consists of ...
|
spinal cord & brain
|
|
spinal cords 2 functions are:
|
conduct for incoming sensory data & outgoing movement commands &&
provides for spinal reflections |
|
brain is control center for
|
entire nervous system
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
gathers info abot external environemnt & bodys internal environment for the brain through sensory nuerons
|
|
the peripheral nervous system also serves as a conduit for
|
brain commands to the rest of body through motor nuerons
|
|
p.ner. system consists of 2 parts
|
somatic (or sketal) & autonomic nerv
|
|
somatic does what?
|
carries input from sensory receptors to the CNS
|
|
it also relys commands to ..
|
sketal muscles
|
|
autonomic ner. systm
|
regulates our internal environment & consists of 2 parts
|
|
autonomic 2 parts are:
|
sympathetic & parasympathetic
|
|
sympathetic
|
in control where we are very aroused & prepares us for defensive action
|
|
ex of sympthetic
|
running away or fighting
|
|
parasympathetic
|
in control when aroused state ends to return to our body to normal resting state
|
|
symp vs. parasymp--
eyes |
dialate - contract
|
|
heartbeat
|
rises - slows down
|
|
endocrine system works w/ what system when responding to stress
|
autonomic
|
|
what does endocrine system play role in?
|
basic behaviors & bodily functions
|
|
examples of these would be?
|
sex, eating, reproduction, metabolism
|
|
endocrine glands secrete
|
horomones
|
|
endocrine glands controlled by the
|
hypothalamus
|
|
hypothalmus controls most influenctial gland
|
pituitary gland
|
|
pituitary gland releases
|
horomones whcih help in growth & that direct other glands to release their hormone
|
|
emotion-
|
complex osychological state that involves 3 compenents
|
|
3 compenets of emotion are:
|
physical
behavioral cognitive |
|
physical -->
|
state of arousal triggered by the autonamic nerv. sytms
|
|
behavorial -->
|
outward expersion..
i.e. facial movements, gestures |
|
cognitive -->
|
apprasial of situation to determine which emotion we are experincing & how intensely
|
|
physical (fight or flight) includes
|
heart rate up, breathing up, blood pressure surges, start sweating
|
|
behavioral produces what kind of nuerons?
|
motor
|
|
facial expersions do what?
|
sends messages to brain
|
|
brain determines which what we are experincing?
|
emotion
|
|
apprasial of cognitive also determines
|
which emotion we are experincing
|
|
James-Lange Theory
|
psycological arousal is a response to a stimulus & then interpretted into emotion
|
|
Cannon-Bard Theory
|
arousal patterns for diff. emo. are 2 psychologically alike to determine which emo. is being experinced
|
|
ANS produces
|
physcological
|
|
brain produeces
|
emo. feeling
|
|
schactor-singer 2 factor theory contends 2 important determinate of emo. -
|
pyshcology & cognitive
|
|
pyshcoogloy
|
intesity of the emo.
|
|
cognitive
|
allows us to identify emo.
|
|
intergrating theories-
LeDoux contends that |
there are different brain systems for diff. emo.
|
|
an example of this is:
|
fear
|
|
what may require higher processing?
|
love or guilt
|
|
central core of brain ---
medulla |
regulates autonamic fuctions like heartbeat
|
|
reticular formation
|
controls arousal & awareness
|
|
cerebellum
|
motor coordination & balance
|
|
thalamus
|
relays sensory information from spinal cord to appropriate area in the CEREBEAL CORTEX
|
|
Limbic system
|
plays role in our survial, memory & emo.
|
|
hypotalamus
|
controls pituitary gland & nerv. system
|
|
hypocampus
|
formationi of memories
|
|
amygadia
|
regulating emotion
|
|
cerebral cortex is the most improtant..
|
structure of the brain
|
|
what processes occur in the cerebral cortx
|
perception, memory making, language decsion making
|
|
corpus callesum connects
|
the two hemispehres of the brain
|
|
Frontal Lobe
|
in front & above
|
|
parietal lobe
|
located behind & above
|
|
temporal love
|
beneath lateral fissure
|
|
occipital lobe
|
lower back of each hemi.
|
|
motor cortex located-
|
frontal strip of cortex, directly in front of central fissure
|
|
motor cortx allows
|
us to move different parts of our body
|
|
somatosensory cortex located
|
partial lobe of cortex, directly behind central fissure ini each hemi.
|
|
somatosensory is where
|
sensations are processed
|
|
visual cortex located
|
back lobe of occiptal
|
|
auiditory cortx located
|
in temporal lobes
|
|
association cortex
|
contains 70% of non mentioned areas
|
|
assocition cortex is where
|
higher level processing such as decsion making occurs
|
|
broad area located
|
left hemi. , temoral lobe
|
|
broads area responsible for
|
fluent speech production
|
|
damaged ppl can still...
|
understand speech but can not generate it
|
|
Wernick's area located`
|
left temporal lobe
|
|
wernick's area is resposible for
|
comprehension of speech and reading
|
|
when the corpus callobum has been cut
|
split brain ppl cannot transfer bwtn hemispheres
|
|
split brained ppl can only identify stuff...
|
orally
|
|
left hemi. deals w/
|
language, math & logic, analytical
|
|
right
|
spatial perception, solving, drawing, face recognition
|
|
consciousness
|
persons awareness of his inner thinking & feeling as well as immidiate surrondings
|
|
consciousness is both
|
internal & external
|
|
electronical readings of brain actiivty during sleep allow us to measure..
|
different stages of sleep
|
|
5 stages determined by
|
EEG
|
|
stage 1 lasts...
|
5min
|
|
stage 2 last
|
2o min
|
|
stage 2 info
|
periodic burst of rapid activity called SLEEP SPINDLES
|
|
older ppl contain less
|
spindles
|
|
this is why
|
they have more interuppted sleep
|
|
stage 3 is
|
very brief
|
|
stage 4 is considered
|
deep sleep
|
|
stage 4/deep sleep charaterized by..
|
DELTA WAVES
|
|
delta waves are
|
large, slow waves
|
|
in deep sleep w/ nerv . sytm dominates?
|
parasympathetic
|
|
near end of 1st period of sleep, what satges return?
|
3 &2
|
|
REM sleep chractierized by
|
rapid waves
|
|
this is simliar to stage
|
1
|
|
REM also known as
|
paradoxial bc muscles are relaxed
|
|
these 5 stages repeat every
|
90 min
|
|
which stages get shorter each cycle
|
3 & 4 !
|
|
what indicates the beginnign of dreams
|
REM
|
|
REM sleep rebound effect
|
a significant increase in proportional of REM sleep following deprivation of rem sleep
|
|
sleep deprivation results in
|
impaired concentration & general bodily feeling of weakness & discomfort
|
|
activation-syntheseis hypothesis
|
contends dreams are merely the brains attempt to make sense of random activity w/out rational interpretation of the frontal lobe
|
|
do we sense and percieve the world as it really is?
|
no
|
|
CHAPTER 3 !!!!!!!
detection ? |
concerned w/ limits on our ability to detect very faint signals
|
|
example:
|
how intense does light have to be to see it
|
|
difference ?
|
concerned w/ limits on our detection ability but in this case was our ability to detect very small differences btwn stimuli
|
|
example :
|
smalleste difference in brightness
|
|
detection ? -
absolute thresehold |
minimum amount of energy in a sensory stimulus that is detected 50% of time
|
|
signal detection theory
|
examine a person's detection of very faint sensory stimuli
|
|
difference thresehold
|
aka noticable difference/ betwn 2 stimuli that is deteched 50% of the time
|
|
Weber's Law
|
for each type of sensory judgement, the different threshold is a constant fraction
|
|
.05 change is abt what percetage difference?
|
5%
|
|
wavelength refers to what?
|
distance ub ibe cycle of the wave from one crest to the next
|
|
humans can see wavelengths from....
|
400 to 700 nanometers
|
|
amplitude
|
amount of engery in a wave, it's intesity, which is the heigth of the wave it's crest
|
|
frequency determines
|
pitch in sound
|
|
convesion of sensory stimulation requires
|
transduction
|
|
cornea
|
clear covering of the eye throug whcih light rays pass
|
|
light rays further filtered by the
|
pupil
|
|
then travels through the
|
lens
|
|
beforing reaching the
|
retina which is at th eback of the eye
|
|
lens
|
accomidates the light waves from objects or different distances directly on the retina
|
|
retina
|
light senstive layer of the eye
|
|
retina has 3 layers of cells :
|
ganglion cell, bipolar, and recepotr cells.
|
|
receptor cells...
|
contain the visual reception cells, rods & cones
|
|
how many rods are responsible for seeinig in dim light for peripheral vision?
|
aprox. 120million
|
|
aprox how many cones are resposible for seeing in a right like
|
5 million
|
|
after being processed though the retina, patterns of neutral impulses are carried though the...
|
bipolar cells
|
|
bioploar cells do what...
|
bundle together to make optic nerve
|
|
why do we have blind spots?
|
optic nerve leaves the eye where there are no receptor cells
|
|
light waves from the left visual field go to the ...
|
right half of each eye
|
|
trichromatic theory
|
there are 3 types of cones, which correspon aprox to blue, green, & red
|
|
opponent-process theory
|
assumes that there are 3 diff. kinds of color systems that help us see color
|
|
where are the opponent-process theory systems located?
|
post receptor level of processing
|
|
3 types of cell systems are?
|
red-green, blue-yellow, as well as black-white (to detect brightness)
|
|
both theories are
|
valid
|
|
fovea is
|
a tiny pit in the center of the retina
|
|
complimentary color pairs are
|
red-green & blue-yellow
|