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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the behaviorists assumptions? |
1. Focus on the observable and measurable 2. They see us as products of our environment 3. Law of Parsimony 4. Law of association for learning 5. Use operational definitions 6. Stress the importance of animal studies |
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Historical figures for Classical Conditioning? |
Pavlov and Watson |
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Historical figures for Operant conditioning? |
Skinner, Thorndike and Clarke |
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Historical figures for Social learning Theory? |
Bandura |
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What is the procedure of Classical Conditioning? |
1. UCS ----------------- UCR 2. CS + UCS --------------UCR 3. CS ------------------- CR Learning has occured |
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What are the 3 points of Watson's Manifesto? |
Content - Behavioral Methods - Objective Purpose - Prediction and Control |
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What is Aversive Conditioning? |
It's classical conditioning but using it to associate fear with an object instead of something else. |
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What are some extra concepts in conditioning? |
Generalization - Get bit by one dog, fear all dogs Distinguish stimuli like discrimination Over time the fear is gone - extinction Spontaneous recovery |
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What is higher order Conditioning? |
Its when you associate touch to voice, to face, to name, to smell, to picture, to memory....etc |
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What is Positive Reinforcement? |
a consequence that increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated. |
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What are the types of positive reinforcement and what factors in to the effectiveness of it. |
Two types: Primary (food, sex, water) and secondary(praise, diploma, money) Appropriateness and timing factor in to effectiveness. |
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What is Negative Reinforcement? |
behaving in a way that allows us to escape or avoid an aversive situation. |
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What are the types of Negative Reinforcement? |
Escape and Avoidant Could be for the good. Ex. Driving safely to avoid paying a fine or taking an aspirin to avoid a headache Could be for the worse. Ex. A child playing on a parent’s guilt to get out of a punishment |
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What is Shaping?
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Shaping is when you teach something a complex task by breaking it down in to smaller tasks and rewarding them every time they succeed at the smaller task.
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What are the Reinforcement schedules?
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Ratio-Fixed Ratio-Variable (Gambling) Interval-Fixed Interval-Variable (Compliments) |
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Why do Superstitions exist?
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Because of a Ratio-Variable Schedule. You won with your lucky hat one time, so now you associate the hat with winning. You can lose with your lucky hat on and you'll just tell yourself next time instead of discarding the hat.
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What is a Punishment?
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a consequence that decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated
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Why do Punishments often fail?
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1. Inappropriate 2. Punisher and negative feelings – leads to avoidance 3. Punishing needs punisher 4. Difficult to punish immediately 5. Conveys little information 6. Brings about opposite intention – attention 7. Inconsistency |
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What are some Punishment Guidelines?
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1. Appropriate for the age and deed 2. Reinforce positive behaviour also 3. Focus on the behaviour, not the person 4. Keep emotional level down 5. Intervene early 6. Make the rules clear 7. Invite children into the process of establishing the rules and punishments - get their input 8. Be consistent |
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What is Conformity?
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changing or adopting a behavior or attitude to be consistent with the norm of the group.
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What is the Significance of Milgram's Study?
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1. That the social environment plays a powerful role in influencing people`s behavior. 2. That people`s need to conform is much stronger than they would like to believe. 3. That ordinary people could be brought to perform actions that are hurtful to others as a result of the need to obey authority. 4. That the heinous acts of history might also be understood through a social, as well as an individual/psychological lens of interpretation. |
