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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Memory?
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The process in which information is *encoded, *stored, and *retrieved.
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What is encodeing in memory?
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Encoding allows information that is from the outside world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli. In this first stage we must change the information so that we may put the memory into the encoding process.
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What is storeing in memory?
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Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that we maintain information over periods of time.
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What is retrieval in memory?
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Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that we have stored. We must locate it and return it to our consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information
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What is Constructive Processing in memory?
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The analytical review and tactical application of stimuli received by a person
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Source attribution
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Variability in content and details
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levels-of-processing model
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describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing.
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Models of memory
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*levels-of-processing model
*Parallel Distributed Processing Model *information-processing model |
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Parallel Distributed Processing Model
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an artificial neural network approach that stressed the parallel nature of neural processing, and the distributed nature of neural representations. It provided a general mathematical framework for researchers to operate in
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Information-Processing Model
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A framework used by cognitive psychologists to explain and describe mental processes.
-Sensory memory -Short term memory(working) -Long term memory |
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Sensory Memory
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*Iconic
-Visual, half second *Echoic _Auditory, 3-4 seconds |
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Short term memory AKA Working memory
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Limited capacity
-About 7 "items" -Advantage of chunking -Normally about 20-30 seconds -Extended by maintenance rehearsal -Shortened by interference |
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Long Term Memory
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*Unlimited capacity, duration
*Organization -by semantic category: conceptual grids (Semantic network) -By sound: tip-of-the-tongue *Contents... -EVERYTHING! *Earliest memories to a few minutes ago |
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Types of long term Memory
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*Procedural
-Often implicit (how to do something) *Declarative -Often explicit episodic semantic |
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semantic
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is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, like words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation
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episodic
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the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly stated
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Long term memory Organization
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*Semantic Network Model
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Retrieval in LTM
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*encoding specificity (Context-dependent memory)
*State-dependent memory -State of the individual *Recall Versus Recognition *Retrieval Failure -TOT *Serial Position Effect -Primacy -Recency |
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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-Effective for STM
- Not effective for LTM |
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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-Based on meaning, connections
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Flashbulb Memories
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*Concept of flashbulb memories
-Perception of memory Experience -Reality of memory experience -errors, distortions -Challenger explosion, O.J. Simpson verdict, 9/11/01 (?) |
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Reconstructive Nature of Memory
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*Constructive Processing
*Hindsight bias -Misinformation effect *False memory Syndrome -therapeutic setting -Experimental settings |
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Forgetting
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*Cureve of forgetting
*Encoding failure *Decay, disuse *Interference -Proactive -Retroactive *Retrieval Failure (Cue, State, Context) |
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Organic Amnesia
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*Retrograde amnesia
*Anterograde amnesia *Infantile Amnesia |
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Retrograde amnesia
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a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease
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Anterograde amnesia
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a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact
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Infantile Amnesia
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the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of 2–4 years, as well as the period before age 10 of which adults retain fewer memories than might otherwise be expected given the passage of time
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Mnemonics
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*A. Imagery
-link, narrative, method of loci, peg, *B. Acronyms & acrostics c. Rhymes & Music |
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Acronyms
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an abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word
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