Psychology Chapter 5, 6, 7

Front 1

the ability to store and retrieve info over time

Back 1

memory

Front 2

the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

Back 2

ecoding

Front 3

the process of maintaining info over time

Back 3

storage

Front 4

the process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded and stored

Back 4

retrieval

Front 5

the process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory
- inner left temporal lobe and lower left frontal lobe

Back 5

elaborative encoding

Front 6

the process of storing new info by converting it into mental PICTURES
-occipital lobe

Back 6

visual imagery encoding

Front 7

the act of categorizing info by noticing the relationships among a series of items
-upper surface of the left frontal lobe

Back 7

organizational encoding

Front 8

the process of maintaining info in memory over time

Back 8

memory storage

Front 9

the place in which sensory info is kept for a few seconds or less

Back 9

sensory memory store

Front 10

a fast-decaying store of visual info

Back 10

iconic memory

Front 11

a fast-decaying store of auditory information

Back 11

echoic memory

Front 12

a place where nonsensory info is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

Back 12

short-term memory store

Front 13

the process of keeping info in short term memory by mentally repeating it
* repetition

Back 13

rehearsal

Front 14

combining small pieces of info into larger clusters or CHUNKS that are more easily held in short term memory

Back 14

chunking

Front 15

active mantenance of info in short term storage

Back 15

working memory

Front 16

a place where info can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years
-hippocampus

Back 16

long term memory

Front 17

the inability to transfer new info from the short term store into the long term store

Back 17

anterograde amnesia

Front 18

the inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Back 18

retrograde amnesia

Front 19

enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections

Back 19

longterm potentiation

Front 20

a hippocampal receptor site that influences the flow of info from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of long term potentiation

Back 20

nmda receptor

Front 21

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Back 21

retrieval cue

Front 22

the idea that retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which info was initially encoded

Back 22

encoding specificity principle

Front 23

the tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Back 23

transfer appropriate processing

Front 24

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

Back 24

explicit memory

Front 25

the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performace, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them

Back 25

implicit memory

Front 26

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or 'knowing how' to do things

Back 26

procedural memory

Front 27

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Back 27

priming

Front 28

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Back 28

semantic memory

Front 29

the collection of past personal experiences that occured at a particular time and place

Back 29

episodic memory

Front 30

some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Back 30

learning

Front 31

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

Back 31

habituation

Front 32

when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that natrually evokes a response
-amygdala

Back 32

classical conditioning

Front 33

something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction in an organism
ie- food

Back 33

unconditioned stimulus

Front 34

a reflexive reasction that is reliable elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
ie-food-->salivation
and food/bell-->salivation

Back 34

unconditioned response

Front 35

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
ie- bell

Back 35

conditioned stimulus

Front 36

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
ie- bell-->salivation

Back 36

conditioned response

Front 37

the phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together
ie- food + bell

Back 37

acquisition

Front 38

conditioning where the us is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a cs
ie- black square

Back 38

second order conditioning

Front 39

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the us is no longer presented
sound in kitchrn
-weakened assosiations formed during acquisition,
- inhibited conditioned response

Back 39

extinction

Front 40

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Back 40

spontaneous recovery

Front 41

a process in which the cr is observed even though the cs is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

Back 41

generalization

Front 42

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
-splash

Back 42

discrimination

Front 43

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associastions over others

Back 43

biological preparedness

Front 44

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
-cat in box

Back 44

operant conditioning

Front 45

the principal that behaviors that are folowed by a 'satisfying state of affairs' tend to be repeated and those that produce an 'umpleasant state of affairs' are less likely to be repeated

Back 45

law of effect

Front 46

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

Back 46

habituation

Front 47

when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that natrually evokes a response

Back 47

classical conditioning

Front 48

something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction in an organism

Back 48

unconditioned stimulus

Front 49

a reflexive reasction that is reliable elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Back 49

unconditioned response

Front 50

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

Back 50

conditioned stimulus

Front 51

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Back 51

conditioned response

Front 52

the phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together

Back 52

acquisition

Front 53

conditioning where the us is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a cs

Back 53

second order conditioning

Front 54

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the us is no longer presented

Back 54

extinction

Front 55

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Back 55

spontaneous recovery

Front 56

a process in which the cr is observed even though the cs is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

Back 56

generalization

Front 57

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Back 57

discrimination

Front 58

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associastions over others

Back 58

biological preparedness

Front 59

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Back 59

operant conditioning

Front 60

the principal that behaviors that are folowed by a 'satisfying state of affairs' tend to be repeated and those that produce an 'umpleasant state of affairs' are less likely to be repeated

Back 60

law of effect

Front 61

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

Back 61

operant behavior

Front 62

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Back 62

reinforcer

Front 63

any stimulus or event that fuctions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Back 63

punisher

Front 64

circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

Back 64

overjustification effect

Front 65

an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcemets are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

Back 65

fixed interval schedule

Front 66

an operant conditioning principal in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

Back 66

variable interval schedule

Front 67

an operant conditioning principal in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

Back 67

fixed ratio schedule

Front 68

an operant conditioning principal in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

Back 68

variable ratio schedule

Front 69

an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Back 69

intermittent reinforcement

Front 70

the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

Back 70

intermittent reinforcement effect

Front 71

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior

Back 71

shaping

Front 72

a condition in which somethins is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

Back 72

latent learning

Front 73

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Back 73

cognitive map

Front 74

a condition in which learning takes place by watching the acions of others

Back 74

observational learning

Front 75

forms of eperience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

Back 75

altered states of consciousness

Front 76

a naturally occurring 24-hour cylce

Back 76

circadian rhythm

Front 77

a stage of sleep characerized by rapid eye movements and high level brain activity

Back 77

REM sleep

Front 78

an instrument that measures eye movements

Back 78

electrooculograph (EOG)

Front 79

difficulty falling or staying asleep

Back 79

insomnia

Front 80

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

Back 80

sleep apnea

Front 81

occurs when a person arises and walks around while sleeping

Back 81

somnambulism

Front 82

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

Back 82

narcolepsy

Front 83

the experince of waking and being unable to move

Back 83

sleep paralysis

Front 84

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

Back 84

night terrors

Front 85

a dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning

Back 85

manifest content

Front 86

a dream's true underlying meaning

Back 86

latent content

Front 87

the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep

Back 87

activation-synthesis model

Front 88

the rare ability to acess a visual memory for more than 30 seconds

Back 88

eidetic imagery

Front 89

law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by an unpleasurable consequence, will tend not to be repeated

Back 89

thorndike's law of effect

Front 90

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Back 90

operant conditioning

Front 91

gave the name 'operant'=voluntary. studied behavior. learning depends on consequence.

Back 91

skinner

Front 92

early cognitive scientist... rats/maze

Back 92

edward toleman

Front 93

mental events inside a person's mind while behaving

Back 93

cognition

Front 94

skills don't become apparent until application is useful

Back 94

latent learning

Front 95

modification and reorganization of info
person

Back 95

evans

Front 96

dreaming is like a hallucination
person

Back 96

hobeson

Front 97

the tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
ie- alcohol

Back 97

state-dependent retrieval