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43 Cards in this Set
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An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
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personality
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A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
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personality theory
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Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality and development.
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psychoanalysis
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A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind.
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free association
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Latin for "the it," in Freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle.
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id
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in Freud's theory, the self-preservation or life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species.
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Eros
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In Freud's theory, the psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive.
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libido
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In Freud's theory, the death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions.
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Thanatos
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In Freud's theory, the motive to obtain pleasure, and avoid tension or discomfort; tha most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id.
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pleasure principle
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Latin for "I," in Freud's theory, the partly conscious ratiional component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.
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ego
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In Freud's theory, that capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist.
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reality principle
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In Freud's theory, the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules.
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superego
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In psychoanalytic theory, largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety.
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ego defense mechanisms
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In psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism.
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repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, the ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous.
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displacement
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In psychoanalytic thoery, an ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nosexual activities; and form of displacement.
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sublimation
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In Freud's theory, age-related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through activities associatied with those areas.
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psychosexual stages
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In Freud's theory, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent.
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Oedipus complex
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In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the bahavior and characteristics of another person.
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identification
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The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.
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humanistic psychology
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In Roger's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.
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actualizing tendency
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The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself.
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self-concept
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In Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others.
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conditional positive regard
or conditional love or acceptance |
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In Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don't conform to the standards and expectations of others.
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unconditional positive regard
or unconditional love or acceptance |
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Albert Bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.
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social cognitive theory
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A model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
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reciprocal determinism
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The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or doubt.
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self-efficacy
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A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way.
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trait
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A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.
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trait theory
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Personaltiy characteristices or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior.
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surface traits
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The most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number.
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source traits
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A trait theory of personality that identifies five basic source traits (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) as the fundamental building blocks of personality.
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five-factor model of personality
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An interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity in behavior.
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behavioral genetics
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A test that assesses a person's abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality, on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior.
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psychological test
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A type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image; used to asess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.
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projective tests
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A projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921.
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Rorschach inkblot test
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A psuedoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupational attributes based on a person's distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing style.
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graphology
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A projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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A type of psychological test in which a person's responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms.
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self-report inventory
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A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics in normal populations.
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California Personality Inventory (CPI)
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A self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personaltiy profile with rating on 16 trait dimensions.
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Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
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The aspect of the self-concept that includes images of the selves that you hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.
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possible selves
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