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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Simple stimulation of a sense organ
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Sensation
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Bottom-up
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The organization identification in interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation
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Perception
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Top-down
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Five senses
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Vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
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Sensors in body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded Neural signal sent to the CNS
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Transduction
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The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity
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Weber's law
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Sensation involves ________, while perception involves ____________.
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Stimulation, interpretation
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Part of the occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex
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Area V1
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Feature binding depends on __________.
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Attentional processes
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Even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains constant
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Perceptual constancy
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Subregion in the temporal lobe
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Gestalt perceptual grouping rules
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Molecular depth cues
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Difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provide information about depth
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Binocular disparity
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How high or low a sound is based on changes in physical frequency
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Frequency/pitch
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A sounds intensity
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Amplitude/loudness
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Listeners experience of the sound quality or resonance
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Timbre/complexity
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The _______ funnels soundwaves into the auditory canal to vibrates the ___________ at a rate that corresponds to the sounds frequency
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Pinna, eardrum
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Portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex
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Area A1
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Registers High-frequency is determined by cochlea at different locations along the basilar membrane
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place code
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Registers low frequencies via firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve
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Temporal code
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Signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated, but interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions
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Gate-control theory
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initial-sharp pai
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A-delta
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Longer-lasting after initial pains
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C-fibers
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Why do smells have immediate and powerful effects?
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The involvement in the smell of brain centers for EMOTION AND MEMORIES
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A person's subjective experience of the world in the mind
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Consciousness
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How things seem to be conscious person
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Phenomenology
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The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body
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Mind/body problem
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4 basic properties of consciousness
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Intentionality (directed toward an object)
Unity (resistance to division) Selectivity (some not others/cocktail party phenomenon) Transience (tendency to change) |
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"The stream of consciousness partly reflects the limited capacity of the conscious mind "
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William James
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Our focus of attention keeps changing
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Consciousness that occurs when the mind and put sensations and May output behavior
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Minimal consciousness
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The level of awareness in which you know you are able to report your mental state
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Full consciousness
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Level consciousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object
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Self-consciousness
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In active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories the person deepest desires in the person's inner struggle to control these forces (Freud)
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Dynamic unconscious
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Mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious( Freud)
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Repression
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The ___________ unconscious is at work when subliminal in unconscious processes influence and behavior
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Cognitive
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Stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and a high-level brain activity
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REM sleep
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Stage 1 sleep
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Theta waves
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Stage 2 sleep
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Sleep spindles/K complexes
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Stage 3/ stage 4
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Delta waves
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Awake stage
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Beta waves
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Drowsy, relaxed
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Alpha waves
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Also known as sleepwalking
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Somnambulism
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5 main characteristics of consciousness (that distinguish it from a waking state)
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Emotion is intense
Thought is logical sensation uncritical acceptance difficulty remembering dream |
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"Dreams Harbor unwanted thoughts "
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Freud.
Psychological theory of dreams |
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Dreams are produced in the mind tends to make sense of random your activity that occurs in the brain during sleep
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Activation-synthesis model
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Chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brains chemicals Message system
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Psychoactive drugs
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fMRI Studies of the dreaming brain reveal
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Increased sensitivity to emotions
activations associated with visual activity prevention of movement |
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Ability to store and retrieve information overtime
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Memory
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Three functions of memory
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Encoding
Storage Retrieval |
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The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into enduring memory
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Encoding
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Process of maintaining information in memory over time
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Storage
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Process of bringing to mind information that has been previously included and stored
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Retrieval
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Holds sensory information for a few seconds or less
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Sensory memory
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Type of sensory memory: A fast decaying store a visual information
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Iconic memory
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Type of sensory memory: fast decaying store of auditory information
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Echoic memory (sound)
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Holds nonsense or information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
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Short-term memory
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Type of short-term: the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
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Rehearsal
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Type of short term: involves combining small piece of information into larger clusters or chunks
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Chunking
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Type of short-term: active maintenance of information in short-term storage
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Working memory
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Hold information for days hours weeks and years
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Long-term memory
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inability to transfer new information from the short-term into the long term
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Anterograde amnesia
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Inability to retrieve information that was acquired for a particular date usually the date of injury or operation
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Retrograde amnesia
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Which part of the brain does amnesia affect
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hippocampus
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When transduction is occurred
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Consolidation
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A network of associated facts and concepts that make up or general knowledge of the world
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Semantic memory
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Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
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Episodic memory
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Like watching a show
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Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
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Memory misattribution
Suspect/witness= Miss identification |
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Psychologist known for classical conditioning
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Pavlov
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When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
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Classical conditioning
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Unconditioned stimulus
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Food
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Unconditioned response
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Dog salivation
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Conditioned stimulus
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Sound
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Conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus no longer involved… Sound to saliva
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CS+US>UR
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Acquisition
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CS>CR
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Extinction
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CS to elicit CR is weak when given a break, but still present
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Spontaneous recovery
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Generalization
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Generalization
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Distinguishes the two similar but different stimuli
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Discrimination
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Who did the "little Albert" experiment
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Watson and Rayner
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What did Watson conclude about Little Albert experiment
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Fears could be learned
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What has a roll with classical conditioning
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Consciousness
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What did Watson seek to demonstrate about behaviorism through the little Albert experiment
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Even sophisticated behaviors such as emotional reactions are subject to classical conditioning
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Part of the brain involved in classical conditioning of FEAR
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Amygdala
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Type of learning in which the consequences of in organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
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Operant conditioning
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Famous psychologist that used operant conditioning
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BF Skinner
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Skinners approach to the study of learning focused on________ and __________.
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Reinforcement(increased likelihood behavior that led to it)
punishment(decrease the likelihood of behavior that led to it) |
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Learning the results from the reinforcement of successive steps to final desired behavior
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shaping
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Something is learned, but is not manifested posted as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
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Latent learning
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Who took this cognitive approach to operant learning (also known as latent learning)
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Tolman
Rats/mice in maze |
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Mental representation of the physical features of the environment
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Cognitive map
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_________(Nerotransmitter) Is more closely linked with the expectation of reward in the reward itself.
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Dopamine
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Term meaning Learning takes place by watching the actions of others
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Observational learning
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Bobo doll experiment(name of person)
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bandura
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Results for bobo doll experiment?
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The observational learning seen in Ventura studies has implications for social learning and cultural transmission of behaviors, norms, and values.
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Behavior learned initially by observing others perform and serve as a model
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Diffusion chain
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What happens in the brain when Learning by observing
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Mirror neurons in the frontal and parietal lobes fire when one watches someone else perform a task
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Which mechanism does not help form the basis of observational learning
A) attention B) perception C) punishment D) memory |
Punishment
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Your own research indicates observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in:
A) memory B) vision C) action D) emotion |
Action
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Helping you study
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Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process in the process of information acquisition
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Implicit learning
( explicit learning has become implicit overtime) |
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Gradually getting used to stimulus
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Habituation
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Responding to implicit instructions result in decreased brain activation in which of the part of the brain
A) hippocampus B) parietal cortex C) prefrontal cortex D) occipital region |
Occipital region
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