Psych Unit 5 (Ch.11 & 14)

Front 1

Health Biology

Back 1

Study of relationship between thoughts, actions, physical and mental health

Front 2

Body

Back 2

A positive state by achieving optimal health and life satisfaction

Front 3

Biopsychosocial Model

Back 3

Health and illness result from these 3 factors

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

Back 4

Measure of obesity

RATIO of body weight to height

Does not equate to health

Front 5

Body Shape Index

Back 5

Calculates BMI with abdominal fat

Predicts health better than BMI

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Disinhibition

Back 6

Losing inhibition over eating (binge eating)

Front 7

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 7

Severe restriction from eating, excessive fear of weight gain

Boys = girls

Prevalent in all societies

Front 8

Bulimia Nervosa

Back 8

Altercation between dieting, binge-eating, and PURGING

Girls > boys

Can Occur secretly, seldom fatal

Front 9

Binge-eating disorder

Back 9

Binge eating WITHOUT purging

Males > females

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Allostatic Load

Back 10

Inability to flexibly adapt to constantly changing env. Demands

Builds over time, allows body to anticipate future events

POVERTY = HIGHER LOAD

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Etiology

Back 11

Factors that contribute to a disorder’s development

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Psychopathology

Back 12

Sickness/disorder of the mind

Front 13

4 criteria for maladaptiveness

Back 13

1) Does behaviour deviate from cultural norms?

2) is behaviour maladaptive?

3) is behaviour destructive?

4) does behaviour cause discomfort for others?

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Back 14

Main manual for diagnosis by observable symptoms

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Comorbidity

Back 15

Having disorders occur TOGETHER

Front 16

Assessment

Back 16

Underlying factor in all disorders

Remains stable over time (low/high)

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Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

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Defines basic domains of functioning, across many levels of analysis

1) negative/positive valence systems

2) cognitive systems

3) social processes

5) arousal + regulation

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Assessment

Back 18

Examining someone’s mental health for diagnosis.

Front 19

Prognosis

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The course/probably outcome

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Diathesis-stress model family

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Model for the course of elements/onset of psychopathology

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Diathesis

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Vulnerability to a mental disorder

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Family systems model

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An individual’s behaviour must be considered in the family context (problems manifestation of family’s problems) l

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Internalising

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Disorder is result of interaction between other people and their cultures

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Cognitive behavioural approach

Back 24

Suggests abnormal behaviour is LEARNED (so it can be un-learned)

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Internalising Disorders

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Negative emotions (MDD, anxiety, panic)

Common for women

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Period

Back 26

Involves disinhibition (Alcoholism, conduct, antisocial personality,etc)

More common in MEN

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Cultural syndromes

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Disorders either universal or culturally specific

Hint 27

Japan - Taijin kyofusho

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Period prevalence

Back 28

Proportion of people in the pop. Who have the disorder within a certain time period

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Lifetime prevalence

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Proportion of people in the pop. Who have had the disorder at any point in their life

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Medical Student’s disease

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Medical students over-identifying everything they learn in themselves

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Full conviction

Back 31

Being fully convinced by hallucinations

Front 32

Medication Adherence

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degree to which a patient correctly follows a prescription

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Positive symptoms

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symptoms that are usually non-existant in healthy people but are present in patients
(e.g. hallucinations, delusions)

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Negative symptoms

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symptoms that are usually present in healthy people but are absent in a patient

(blunted or flattened effect)

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Anhedonia

Back 35

lack of experiencing pleasure

Front 36

Differential Diagnosis

Back 36

distinguishing between disorders that are similar/have overlapping symptoms.

Front 37

Anxiety Disorders

Back 37

**Most prevalent in the world

excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger

- anxiety disorders differ in BEHAVIOURAL symptoms, but share everything else.

Hint 37

- Specific Phobia

- Social Anxiety Disorder

- Generalised Anxiety Disorder

- Panic Disorder

- Agoraphobia

- OCD

- PTSD

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Specific Phobia

Back 38

fear of a specific object/situation

Front 39

Social anxiety disorder

Back 39

fear of being negatively viewed by others

"social phobia"

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Generalised Anxiety Disorder

Back 40

constant anxiety about EVERYTHING

common in women

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Panic Disorder

Back 41

sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror and worrying about oncoming attacks

triggered by external/internal stimuli, several minutes long

common in women

Front 42

Agoraphobia

Back 42

severe fear of being in unescapable situations, so that an ind. can fear leaving the house

e.g. elevators, crowds, public transport, parties

Front 43

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Back 43

frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions

common in women

Front 44

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

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1. Biased thinking

2. Learning fear from others

3. Biological cause

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Obsessions

Back 45

recurrent, intrusive THOUGHTS, IDEAS, or IMAGES

Front 46

Compulsions

Back 46

particular ACTS and BEHAVIOUR driven to reduce anxieties

Front 47

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Back 47

severe stress + emotional trauma after an unnatural life event

Front 48

Adjustment Disorder

Back 48

difficulty adjusting to a new stressor/environment

e.g. crying, poor grades 6 months after breakup

Front 49

Depressive Disorders

Back 49

group of disorders characterised by sad, empty, or irritable moods

Front 50

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Back 50

a depressed mood, with loss of interest in activities for at least 2 weeks.

- accompanied with appetite/weight change, sleep disturbances, thoughts of death

Front 51

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Back 51

mild to moderate version of MDD, but must last for at least 2 years.

"dysthymia"

lasts for much longer time than MDD

Front 52

Cognitive Triad

Back 52

Distorted Perception on:

SELF, SITUATION, FUTURE

(causes of Depression)

Front 53

Learned Helplessness

Back 53

when ppl attribute negative events to personal factors, and believe they are powerless over their own lives

Front 54

Bipolar I Disorder

Back 54

extreme fluctuations in mood, focusing more on MANIC EPISODES.

Front 55

Bipolar II Disorder

Back 55

less extreme mood fluctuations, focusing more on MDD symptoms.

cause mostly genetic

Front 56

Hypomania

Back 56

heightened creativity, productivity, pleasure and reward system

Front 57

Dissociative Disorders

Back 57

Disorders characterised by disruptions in memory, awareness, and identity.

Hint 57

- Dissociative Amnesia

- Dissociative Fugue

- Dissociative Identity Disorder

- Schizophrenia

Front 58

Dissociative Amnesia

Back 58

when a substantial block of time is forgotten, usually caused by trauma

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Dissociative Fugue

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a severe loss of identity

Front 60

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Back 60

an occurrence of two or more personalities in the same individual

- usually a result of severe childhood trauma

- separate identities all differ

Front 61

Schizophrenia

Back 61

disorder with alterations in thought, perceptions, or consciousness. Often involves PSYCHOSIS.

Front 62

Delusions

Back 62

false BELIEFS based on incorrect inferences about reality

- can be affected by cultural background

Front 63

Hallucinations

Back 63

false SENSORY PERCEPTIONS experienced without an external source present

- auditory, visual, olfactory, somatosensory

Front 64

Disorganised Speech

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speech that fails to follow normal conversation structure

- Loosening of associations (topic change)

- Word Salad (incomprehensible)

- Clang associations (random rhymes)

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Disorganised Behaviour

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strange behaviour, including unpredictable actions and childish silliness

- poor hygiene

- catatonic behaviour

- Echolalia (repeated words heard)

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Personality Disorders

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Maladaptive ways of relating to the world

consists of Cluster A, B, and C

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Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric behaviour

Back 67

- Paranoid

- Schizoid (socially isolated)

- Schizotypical (emotionally isolated)

Front 68

Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic behaviour

Back 68

- Histrionic (mood swings, shallow, reassurance)

- Narcissistic

- Borderline (can't be alone, unstable)

- Antisocial (manipulative, dishonest)

Front 69

Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Behaviour

Back 69

- Avoidant

- Dependent

- Obsessive-compulsive

Front 70

Borderline Personality Disorder

Back 70

disorder characterised by disturbances in identity and impulse control

- patients are on the 'borderline' of being normal and psychotic

- common in women

- intense fear of abandonment

- self mutilation

- strongly tied to trauma & abuse

Front 71

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Back 71

disorder where a person behaves in socially undesirable ways, previously known as 'psychopathic'

- deceitful

- lack of remorse

- incapable of love, shame

- no response to punishments

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Rosenhan's Experiment

Back 72

Hypothesis tested that mental hospitals couldn't differentiate between healthy and ill individuals

Front 73

3 Key Improvements in Abnormal Psychology

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1) Short-term institutionalisation

2) Effective medication

3) DSM criteria updated

Front 74

Issues with Classification of Disorders

Back 74

1) Comorbidity

2) External Symptoms only

3) DSM is categorical rather than dimensional