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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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inborn biological characteristics |
sex |
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relate to reproduction, chromosomes or organs |
sex |
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socially constructed |
gender |
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psychological characteristics and social categories |
gender |
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what is "doing gender" |
how you express your gender to others |
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what is hostile sexism |
negative emotion directed specifically at women |
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what is benevolent sexism |
subjectively positive attitudes towards women in traditional roles |
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what do feminisms believe |
that women and men should be socially, economically, and legally equal |
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what is the goal of liberal feminism |
gender equality |
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what is the goal of cultural feminism |
to emphasize positive qualities in women |
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what is the goal of radical feminism |
sexism permeates society |
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the goal of women of color feminism |
to emphasize human dimensions |
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what is the similarities perspective |
men/women are generally SIMILAR in intellect and social skills |
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what is the differences perspective |
men/women DIFFERENT in intellect and social skills |
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androcentrism |
idea that men are default |
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data in form of text/talk |
qualitative research |
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qualitative and quantitative methods |
mixed methods approach |
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5 stages of the research process |
1. theoretical model |
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how can bias enter the research process |
1. forming hypothesis based on unrelated research |
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what can we do to prevent bias |
1. not conduct single gender research 2. have male and female researchers 3. have gender fairness in interpretation |
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what is feminist research |
observing people in natural environment |
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define stereotypes |
beliefs and assumptions about womens characteristics |
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define prejudice |
emotional reactions and attitudes towards women |
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define discrimination |
biased behavior towards women
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define gender bias |
includes stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination |
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when did women history first exist |
1960s |
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what did aristole feel about women |
didnt believe they could grow/think rationally. believed they were always envious |
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what did rousseau feel about women |
function of women was to please/be useful to men |
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what did Mr and Mrs Mill feel about women |
argued for equal rights against each other |
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explain the three gender biases in religion/mythology |
1. adam and eve; women made secondary, women are evil 2. pandora's box; men wronged the gods for being w/ women and they sent them a box full of horrible things 3. women are virtuous; virgin mary |
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gender biases in religion today |
negative views of women in china, islam, hinduism |
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who tends to want more personal space |
men |
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who tends to make more eye contact |
women |
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tentativeness differences |
when women are around men they say "i think, maybe" where men say "it is this way" |
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interruptions differences |
women are like to interrupt another women, but they are not likely to interrupt a man |
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non-parallel terms |
"lady doctor" "lady cop" where for a guy you say "doctor" "cop" |
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negative terms |
spinster vs bachelor |
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infantilizing terms |
girls or gals when when men are not boys |
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the eight gender biases in the media |
1. women invisible in commercials, producing movies 2. quiet; women dont narrate movies/shows 3. women seldom shown working outside home 4. women shown doing housework 5. women/men represented differently; women aren't "serious" 6. womens body differently used from mens body; in cartoons big boobs tiny waist 7. WOC are underrepesented and usually shown in biased way 8. low SES women usually shown in a biased way; maury, springer |
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explicit |
things you would say if you are AWARE someone else is listening sensoring youself |
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implicit |
things you say about people when you THINK no one is listening more true to how you feel |
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implicit associations test |
survey stereotype-consistent pairings vs stereotype-inconsistent pairings |
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what are the attitudes towards women's competence |
womens competence is likely to be devalued when: 1. when males are doing the evaluating 2. when participants have traditional attitudes 3. when little info is available about persons qualifications |
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what is a double bind |
damned if you do, damned if you dont if you're girly = you're not taken seriously if you're masculine = you're pushy |
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what is ambivalent sexism |
hostile sexism women should be subservient |
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what is benevolent sexism |
subtle emphasizes niceness and purity |
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gender discrimination in other cultures |
generally relatively minor in liberal countries but still exists |
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heterosexism |
assumes that everyone should be in heterosexual relationship |
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who is most likely to hold heterosexist beliefs |
men, those with traditional gender role beliefs, politically/religiously conservative |
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what is the social cognitive approach |
stereotypes are belief systems that guide the way we process info |
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what is categorization |
putting people in different social groups/boxes |
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the normative male |
making biased judgements about females and males assumptions in vague situations ("chris" or "pat") |
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stereotype threat |
when a group of women are told they're bad at math, their tests scores go lower because in their heads they think they're bad |
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internalization of stereotypes |
develop a stereotype in your head and you never forget it |
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what kind of "ducts" do females have |
mullerian
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what kind of "ducts" do males have |
wolffian |
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congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
GENETIC FEMALE XX females get male androgens appear masculine AT BIRTH |
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androgen insensitivity syndrome |
GENETIC MALE XY
body does not respond to androgens external genitalia looks females discovered when "girl' does not menstrate |
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klinefelter syndrome
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GENETIC MALE XXY extra x chromo some appear male and later develop female characterisitics |
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what are the cultural implications of intersex |
our culture assumes a gender binary; want to be able to label a child girl or boy |
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freud's psychoanalytic theory |
childhood experiences shaped adult personality |
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what is the erogenous zone |
an area of the body that dominates the libido |
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phallic stage |
oedipal complex electra complex (penis envy) |
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five criticisms of psychoanalytic theory |
1. not scientifically proven 2. subjects were patients 3. lack of inclusion of societal influences 4. phallocentric (saying men matter more) 5. perhaps not developementally accurate |
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parental investment |
women invest more (precious egg vs cheap sperm idea) |
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what are the two ideas for sexual selection |
1. competition for mating rights 2. preferences for who to mate with |
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what is the evolutionary pscyhology theory |
that humans complex psychological mechanisms are the result of evolutionary selection |
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criticisms of evolutionary psychology |
biological/genetic explanations perpetuates status quo men = aggressive/dominant women = subordinate |
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social structural theory |
focuses on social structure, particularly divison of labor |
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social learning theory |
1. children are rewarded for gender appropriate actions 2. kids watch and imitate the behavior from people from their own gender cateogry |
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cognitive developmental theory |
does not account for all aspects of gender development (social learning) |
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what is a gender schema |
"what are women like" a general idea |
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gender identity |
gender schemas lead to gender identity |
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what two things are important in children |
their behaviors and thoughts |
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gender development in infancy |
mostly similar to each other |
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sex preference in US culture |
boy is preferred first born |
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baby x study |
1. lab setting, non-parents, 3 mo infant 2. observed toy play and behavior based on if they thought infant was boy or girl 3. gender IS important for interaction w/ children |
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gender typing activities |
discourage "gender innappropriate activities" for boys. okay for girl to play with truck but not okay for boy to play with dolls |
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gender typing conversations |
fear/sadness vs anger suppression of emotions in men |
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gender typing attitudes about aggression |
inconsistent research imitation/modeling |
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gender typing attitudes about independence |
inconsistent research girls have more supervision |
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gender typing individual difference |
ethnicity social class tradiational or non traditional gender beliefs |
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gender segregation in peers |
association with same gender children around age 2-3 |
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who do teachers provide more positive feedback and attention to |
boys |
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gender typing in the media |
frequency of exposure gender stereotypes males more visible males/females perform diff activties |
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step 1 in menstrual cycle |
1. in response to low estrogen level, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland |
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step 2 in MC |
2. pituitary gland responds by releasing follicle stimulating hormone, which stimulates follicles to become more mature and signals ovaries to increase production of estrogen and progesterone |
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step 3 in MC |
3. the increase level of estrogen stimulates the development of the endometrium; signals pituitary gland to stop producing fsh |
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step 4 in MC |
4. pituitary gland stops producing fsh and starts making lutenizing hormones |
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step 5 in MC |
5. lutenizing hormone usually suppresses growth in all folicles except one; one egg typically reaches maturity |
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step 6 in MC |
6. follicle then releases the ovum, egg, on approprimately the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, called ovulation |
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step 7 in MC |
7. empty follcile matures into round structure called corpous luteum, which secretes progresterone and estrogen levels. both these hormones rise after ovulation |
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step 8 in MC |
8. increase level of progesterone inhibits the production of additional luteinizing hormone. as a result, corpous luteum decomposes |
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step 9 in MC |
9. production of both progesterone and estrogen falls rapidly with such low levels of hormones, the thicker endometrium can no longer be maintained so it sloughs off and passes out vagina |
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step 10 in MC |
10. low levels of estrogen signals the hypothalamus, causing a new cycle to begin |
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puberty |
period where a young girl experiences physical and hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity |
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adolescence |
involves psychological changes that occur during puberty |
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menarche |
demarcation of puberty for girls; beginning of menstruation |
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follicle stimulating hormone |
acts on follicles in ovaries initiates production of estrogen and progesterone |
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luteinizing hormone |
necessary for the development of an ovum (egg) |
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estrogen |
primarily produced by ovaries stimulates development of endometrium |
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progesterone |
primarily produced by ovaries regulates the system |
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dysmenorrhea |
painful cramps in abdomen |
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prostaglandins |
released by body just before menstruation and can causes severe cramps |
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treatments |
drug, exercise, heating pad, adequate sleep |
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define symptoms of PMS |
cyclical set of symptoms that occur BEFORE menstruation not all women have the same symptoms |
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positive reactions to menstrual cycle |
"part of being a women" means they are not pregnant so thats positive for some people |
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invisibility of menstruation |
rarely hear mensturation on tv |
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self esteem in adolescence |
a measure of how much you like and value yourself |
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cultural identity in adolescnece |
ideas and customs associated with social grouping such as country of origin |
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three different career aspiration ideas in adolescence |
1. male/female have equivalent aspirations about entering prestigious career 2. females more likely than males to choose non traditional careers for their gender 3. females more likely than males to report being effective in gathering info about their future career |
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friendship intimacy seen more in.. |
females |
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size of gender differences usually depend on what three social settings |
1. usually largest when other people are present 2. largest when gender is prominent, but other shared roles are minimized 3. largest when behavior requires specific gender related skills |
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talkativeness |
female stereotype studies show men/women talk the same amount |
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language style |
men = more obscentiy women = hesitant/uncertain |
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content of language |
same between men/women |
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who tend to smile more |
females |
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who is more accurate at decoding situations |
females |
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low power individuals have to do what more than high power individuals |
smile to win over people attentive to high power individuals for possibility of moving up |
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altruism |
providing unselfish help to others in need WITHOUT EXPECTING reward |
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heroism |
risking ones life for others welfare men = going to war women = donating organs |
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nurturance |
kind of helping in which someone gives care to another person who is younger or less competent |
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three parts of empathy |
1. understand emotion of another 2. experience same emotion 3. concern about anothers well being |
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who is more empathic |
when tested physiologically, male/female equally empathetic |
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kohlberg theory |
men more likely to have sophisticated moral development (more logical) |
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gilligan theory |
thinks men/women have different MORAL approaches, one not better than the other |
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differences perspective |
gilligan supports this some evidence contradicts this |
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similarities perspective
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most research/our textbook supports this |
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philosopher thucydides believes women.. |
more likely to endorse social justice issues |
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GIRLS/BOYS same gender friendships |
gender segregation around age 3 girls have smaller # of friends than boys girls more likely to have friends that don't know each other girls more likely to self disclose |
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WOMEN/MEN same gender friendships |
female = more physical contact, slightly more self disclosure, value talking about feelings more men = often want to self disclose but don't do it with same gender |
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how men and women help their friends |
men = more likely to strategize and/or blame friend for the problem women = more helpful, more likely to talk it out |
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who demonstrates more physical aggression |
males |
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what is relational aggression |
can harm another through intentionally manipulating interpersonal relationships |
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who does relational aggression more often |
females |
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what are the 3 myths of non aggressive females |
1. if women see themselves as weak, some of them may believe that they cannot defend themselves against mens aggression 2. some people associate competitiveness with aggression, so women may sometimes be denied access to professions that value competition 3. aggression may be seen as normal for males, so some men may choose not to inhibit their aggressive tendencies |
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transformational leadership |
encourage followers to transform themselves -inspire, gain trust, encourage FEMALES DO THIS MOST OFTEN |
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transactional leadership |
reward followers when they meet expectations -if you do x, i will give you y -WOMEN MORE HEAVY ON REWARDS THAN MEN |
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women are more persuaded by women who use what type of language |
assertive |
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men more persuaded by women who use what type of language |
tentative |
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who does competent non verbal style of persuasion work best on |
men |
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women are more successful if they are... |
modest |
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men are more successful if they are... |
boastful |
