Psych Midterm #1

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psychology is... (2)

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science and worldview

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Psych is impirical because

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based on observations, know through the world

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Psych is theoretically diverse because

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we use different theories

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Psych is theoretically diverse

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influenced by changing cultures

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SQ3R

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system designed to promote effective reading.

survey, question, read, recite and review

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critical thinking

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use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase probability of a desirable outcome

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theory

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is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

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independent variable

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condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

(has control over)

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dependent variable

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the variable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable

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extraneous variable

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any variable other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable

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confounding variables

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occurs when 2 variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort of the effects

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naturalistic observation

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researcher engages in careful observation without intervening with subjects

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reactivity

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occurs when someones behaviour is altered by the presence of observer

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median

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the middle score of all the scores

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mean

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the average score

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mode

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the most frequent score

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variability

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refers to how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and the mean

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correlation

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exists when 2 variables are related to eachother

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correlation coefficient

( 2 variables)

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numerical index of the relationship between two variables

1) the direction (-/+)

2) how strongly related

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meta analysis

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combo to stats of many different studies with the same question, creating an estimate of the size and consistency of a variables effect

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placebo effect

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when a participant expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty/no treatment

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double blind procedure

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a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenter know which subjects are in controlled or experimental groups

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drive theories

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how INTERNAL tension pushes us to do things

ex: hunger

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incentive theories

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how EXTERNAL goals pull us in certain directions

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evolutionary theories

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assert that motives are products of natural selection that have adaptive value in reproduction

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affiliation motive

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is the need to associate with others to maintain social bonds

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achievement mode

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individual differences in need for achievement, influenced by fear/failure

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hypothalamus

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a tiny structure involved in the regulations of variety of biological needs related to survival

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lateral hypothalmus + ventromedial nuculus of the hypothalamus

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where the on/off switch is located for hunger

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glucostatic theory

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proposed that fluctuations in blood glucose levels are monitored in the brain where hunger is influenced

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insulin

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hormone secreated by pancrease

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leptin

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is produced by fat cells throughout the body and release into blood stream

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3 environmental habits for hunger

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1) availability of food

2) learned preferences and habits

3) stress

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normative cues

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indicators of socially appropriate food intake

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sensory cues

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characteristics of the food (this is what obese people are sensitive to)

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set point theory

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the body monitors fat cell levels to keep the weight stable

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settling point theory

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weight tends to drift around the level at which factors determine food consumption and energy

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Human Sexual Response Phases (3)

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excitement

plateau

orgasm

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thematic apperception test

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a projective test that required subjects to respond to vague stimuli to reveal personal motives and traits

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Emotions involve (3)

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1) subjective conscious experience

2) bodily arrousal

3) characteristic overt expressions

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autonomic nerves

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responsible for fight/flight

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Amygdala

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plays a central role in fears

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prefrontal cortex

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role is planning/executive control/emotions about goals

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front portion of cingulate cortex

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pain related emotions, emotional conflict

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mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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role is the experince of pleasant emotions

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facial feedback hypothesis

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face muscles send signals to the brain and these signals help the brain recognize ones emotions

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emotional efference

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changes in face muscles and expression change the temperature of blood going to brain reulting in distinct emotions

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James Lang theory

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the conscious experience of emotions from ones perspective of AUTONOMIC AROUSAL

EX: pulse rises so you become scared

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Cannon Bard theory

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emotions occur when the thalmus sends signals stimutaneously to cortex

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Schachters 2 Factor Theory

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experience of emotions depends on:

1) autonomic arousal

2) cognitive interpretation of that arousal

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worldview

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set of beliefs that explains what exists and what doesn't

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epistemology

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what we can know

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naturalism

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idea that nature is all there is, we need to have natural causes and explainations

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morality salience

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the degree to which subjects mortality is prominant in there minds, more likely to stand up for their beliefs if someone is against

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MMPI

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most widely used self report inventory which is designed to aid clinitians in the diagnosis of psychological disorders

115 languages

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Wilhelm Wundt

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first lab of psych, believed psychs main focus was conscious awareness of experience

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Stanley Hall

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Americas first psych lab, first president of APA

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introspection

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the careful, systematic self observation of one owns conscious experience

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Behaviourism (John Watson)

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based on the premise that scientific psych should study only observable behaviour

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Skinner

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believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes

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humanism

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emphasizes the unique qualities humans have and their potential for growth and freedom

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Carl Rogers + Abraham Maslow

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argued human behaviour is governed by ones sense of self/ "self concept"

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applied psych

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concerned with everyday practical problems

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clinical psych

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concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psych disorders

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Jean Piaget

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increated attention on the study of childrens cognitive development

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Donald Hebb

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introduced cell assembly, which facilitate behaviour

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evolutionary psych

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examines behaviour based on their adaptive value for species over generations

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positive psych

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uses theory and research to understand the positive, adaptive aspects of human behaviour

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4 Specialties in Psych

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1) clinical

2) counselling psych

3) educational/school

4) industrial/organizational

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4 ethical guidelines for research

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1) respect for the dignity of others

2) responsible caring

3) integrity in relationships

4) responsibility to society