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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who discovered REM sleep and when?
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Aserinsky and Kleitman- 1950
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What kind of brain waves are present during wakefulness? during drowsiness?
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beta waves
alpha waves |
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What is the term for the vivid images/events that we see/experience during the first few minutes of sleep?
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hypnagogic hallucinations
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What type of brain waves are present in Stage 3 sleep? Stage 2? Stage 4? Stage 1?
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-at least 20% delta waves (rest are theta)
-up to 100% theta waves -delta waves exceed 50% -alpha waves are becoming replaced by theta waves |
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How long are sleep cycles?
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90 minutes (70-130)
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What is meant by REM rebound?
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more time is spent in REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep
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What is the basis of the Restorative Theory of Sleep?
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the body wears out during the day so sleep helps to restore brain and body function at the end of the day
- REM sleep restores brain function -NREM sleep restores body function |
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What's the basis of the Adaptive Theory of Sleep?
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animals have evolutionarily evolved to avoid sleeping when its most hazardous; predators sleep much more than prey
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What is parasomnia? What are 3 examples?
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Characterized by increased physiological arousal during sleep
-sleepwalking, night terrors, bruxism |
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What is REM sleep behavior disorder?
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failure to suppress voluntary muscles during REM sleep- due to degradation of parts of the brain that decrease reception of paralyzing neurotransmitters
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During what stage of sleep does sleepwalking occur?
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Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep
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What triggers narcoleptic experiences?
What is the treatment for narcolepsy? |
laughter, anger, surprise, & other forms of arousal including sexual arousal
low doses of amphetamines |
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What are the 5 characteristics of dreams?
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Intense emotions
illogical organization bizarre sensations bizarre details are accepted images difficult to remember |
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During what stage of sleep do nightmares occur?
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REM sleep
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According to Freud, what are the 2 components of dreams?
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Manifest content- the images and sensations that are experienced during the dream
Latent content- what all the disguised images really mean psychologically |
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What is the Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming?
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• The experience of dreaming sleep is due to the automatic activation of brainstem circuits at the base of the brain, which arouse other areas of the brain, and therefore the dreaming brain is responding to its own internally generated signals.
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What is the definition of psychoactive drugs in general?
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Chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception
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What are 4 types of psychoactive drugs?
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depressants, opiates, stimulants, psychedelic drugs
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What are 5 common properties of psychoactive drugs?
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addiction, physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms, drug rebound, drug tolerance,
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What determines if drug use is considered drug abuse?
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if it results in some type of disruption in daily life
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What are factors that influence drug-taking behavior?
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o Social & cultural norms (Rastafarians)
o Availability & cost (cocaine spike in the ‘80s) o Drug-taking behavior of important others in your life o Occupational, social, academic problems |
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What are 4 types of depressant drugs? What's a side effect of these?
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barbiturates, tranquilizers, inhalants, alcohol
-they produce abnormal sleep cycles with decreased amounts of REM sleep |
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What's an example of a barbiturate?
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Quaalude (big in the '70s)
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What must be closely monitored when using tranquilizers? What are 2 examples of tranquilizers?
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they are extremely addictive and can't be used with alcohol or other depressants
-Xanax and Valuum |
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How does alcohol lessen inhibitions?
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depresses brain centers governing judgment and self control
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What are 2 types of opiates and examples of each? How do they work?
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Natural- opium, morphine, codeine
Synthetic- heroin, methadone work by mimicking endorphins |
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What is the only drug that is more addictive than heroin?
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nicotine
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What kind of drugs arouses the CNS and suppresses appetite? What are the long-term effects of these?
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amphetamines- produces abnormal brain structure and reduces amount of dopamine receptors
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What are 4 types of stimulants?
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caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
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What are the effects of cocaine?
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intense euphoria, mental alertness, and increased confidence
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What are 3 psychedelic drugs?
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mescaline, LSD, marijuana
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Where does mescaline come from? Who wrote a book about it and what is it called?
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mushroom and cacti
Aldous Huxley The Doors to Perception |
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What is LSD similar to?
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serotonin
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What is the active ingredient in marijuana?
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THC- brain has special receptors for it involved in memory, concentration, perception, and movement
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What are 2 types of club drugs? What are 2 examples of the first type?
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Dissociative anesthetics- PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (Special K)
Ecstasy |
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What do dissociative anesthetics do/cause?
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deaden pain, can produce stupor or coma
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What kind of drug is ecstasy? What are the physiological side effects of ecstasy?
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stimulant with psychedelic effects--increase of serotonin and block of serotonin uptake; • Can produce muscle dehydration, rapid heartbeat, tremors, muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, hypothermia
• Brain damage in general and to serotonin systems (effects still seen 7 years or later)- produces little tears in the brain and result in huge disruptions in sleeping |
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Memory stages differ in what 3 ways?
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function, capacity, and duration
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What are 3 stages of memory?
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sensory memory, working/functional memory, long-term memory
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What are the capacity and duration of sensory memory?
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very large capacity, very short duration
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Who studied sensory memory? (know his experiments)
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George Sperling
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What are the 2 types of sensory memory, and how long do each last?
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Iconic- 0.3 seconds
Echoic- 2 seconds |
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What is the capacity of the working memory? What happens here to retain the processing information?
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7 +or- 2 items
maintenance rehearsal |
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In which memory do imagining, remembering and problem solving occur? What also happens here?
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working memory
chunking- putting info into packets to allow for more storage |
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What are the capacity and duration of the long-term memory?
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lifetime/ unlimited
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What are the 3 types of information under long-term memory?
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procedural, episodic, and semantic memory
procedural- how to ride a bike, etc. episodic- specific events, etc. semantic- general knowledge, facts, peoples' names, etc. |
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What are 2 dimensions of long-term memory?
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Explicit- the actual things that happen (episodic and semantic memory)
Implicit- not conscious, but affects the way you think and perceive things (e.g. procedural memory) |
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What is the word for focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it?
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Elaborative rehearsal- tying the item from your working memory into your long-term memory
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What are 2 ways of organizing information in long-term memory?
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clustering/chunking and semantic network model
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What is it called when you produce information from your memory without any cues? What about with cues? What about when you can identify the correct info given several choices?
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free recall
cued recall recognition |
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What is the tendency to recall info from the beginning or end of a list more than in the middle called? What is it called at the beginning? At the end?
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serial position effect
primacy effect recency effect |
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What does the Encoding Specificity Principle say?
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Better retrieval of information when conditions of retrieval are similar to conditions of encoding
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What are 3 examples of the Encoding Specificity Principle?
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Context effect, state-dependent retrieval, and mood congruence
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What's the term for memories that may be long ago but are still very vivid?
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flashbulb memories
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What is a schema? When can schemas cause problems?
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organized clusters of knowledge and information about a specific topic (e.g. all the things that come to mind when you hear "doctor")-- can cause problems when people tend to think they heard or saw something that wasn't really there because it fits well into the schema
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What is it called when someone, for example, tells a story that happened about themselves when it really happened to someone else?
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Source Confusion- memory distortion when the true source is forgotten
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What is the misinformation effect?
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memory distortion where existing memories are altered by misleading information when asked to retrieve the memory
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Who did the experiment with the car crash recollection? Who was the first psychologist to ever work with memory?
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Loftus and Palmer (1970)
Herman Ebbinghaus- came up with 3-letter nonsense syllables and repeated them in his head and studied memory |
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What did Ebbinghaus find in his study?
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1. The most forgetting happens quickly.
2. Remembering depends on how well you learned the material in the first place. 3. The amount of forgetting levels off with time. |
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What are 4 theories of forgetting?
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encoding failure, interference theory, motivated forgetting, decay theory
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What are 2 types of memory interference?
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proactive and retroactive interference
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What's the difference in suppression and repression?
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suppression is conscious, deliberate forgetting; repression is unconscious forgetting
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What did Karl Lashley think? Richard Thompson? What's actually right?
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long-term memory is located all over the brain
long-term memory is located in the cerebellum simple memories are in the cerebellum; complex are all over |
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What are brain changes associated with a long-term memory?
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memory trace: structure and function of neurons change (dendrites spread out)
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What did Eric Kandel study? What is it called when one produces more neurotransmitters over time when classically conditioned that stay around forever?
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neurons and long-term memories (with the snail)
long-term potentiation |
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What are the 4 brain parts involved in memory?
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amygdala, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus
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What is memory consolidation?
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The process of converting new long-term memories to enduring memory codes
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What are the 3 components of forming impressions of other people?
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Your characteristics, characteristics of the person, the specific situation
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What are the 4 basic principles of person perception?
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1) Your reactions are determined by your perceptions of them rather than who they really are
2) Your goals determine what you perceive 3) Your evaluation is partly based on expectation (social norms) 4) Your self-perception affects how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions |
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What are 2 primary types of attribution?
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Dispositional (intentions)
Situational |
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What are the 4 attribution errors?
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Blaming the Victim (BJW) Self-Serving Bias Self-Effacing Bias |
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What is cognitive dissonance?
What are 2 ways to reduce cognitive dissonance? |
Arises when thoughts, feelings, or behaviors conflict with one another
- Change attitude to match behavior - Change behavior to match attitude |
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Who did the conformity experiment with 6 confederates and 1 participant?
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Solomon Asch
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What are 2 reasons people conform?
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Normative social influence (desire to be liked by others)
Informational social influence (desire to be correct) |
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What are 2 examples of when conformity decreases?
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When there's an ally, or when one of the confederate's competence is questioned
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Conformity is higher/lower in collectivistic cultures, as opposed to individualistic ones.
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higher
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Who did the really controversial experiment? What was it about?
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Stanley Milgram- obedience
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What are a few explanations of the behavior in the obedience study?
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Ambiguous situation
Respect for authority Gradual escalation of tasks Rewarding from experimenter Physical and psychological separation from learner |
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When don't we help?
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-Diffusion of responsibility
-Bystander effect -Certain situations ---Urban cities ---Ambiguous situations ---When costs outweigh benefits |
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When do we help?
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Good mood
Everyone else is We know how to help well Personal relationship w/ "helpee" |
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What are 4 basic perspectives of determining personality?
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Psychodynamic perspective
Humanistic perspective Social cognitive perspective Trait perspective |
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Who contributed the Psychodynamic perspective of personality? What are 5 techniques employed to
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Psychoanalysis, Free associations, Dreams, Freudian slips of the tongue, and Hypnosis
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What is the main goal of the Psychodynamic perspective of personality?
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to expose and interpret unconscious tension
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What are the 3 psychodynamic divisions of the mind?
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Conscious (ego)
Preconscious (superego) Unconscious (id) |
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The id is ruled by what?
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the pleasure principle (we will do things that are pleasurable, and not do those that aren't pleasurable)
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What does each represent/function as?
-id -superego -ego |
id: satisfy our sexual and aggressive urges
superego: represents our internalized societal and familial ideals ego: organized, rational, planning dimensions of personality |
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What is one main function of the ego?
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mediate the balance between superego and id
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On what principle does the ego operate?
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reality principle: the ability to postpone gratification until the time is right
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What is a defense mechanism?
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employed by the ego when the id and superego get out of balance; unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety
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Name some defense mechanisms.
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Displacement
Sublimation Rationalization Repression Projection Denial Undoing Reaction formation (thinking in way that is extreme opposite of urges) Regression |
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What is the actualizing tendency?
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Our innate drive to maintain and enhance the human body
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What are congruence and incongruence?
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When the feedback you receive with others parallels your self image. Incongruence is the opposite.
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Name 3 characteristics of self-actualized people
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Creative
Accept themselves and others as they are Concerned with problems outside the self |
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What is the cognitive social perspective?
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Conscious thought processes affect human behavior
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What does cognitive social perspective say about our behavior characteristics?
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Behavior and sense of self different with various situations
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What does Bandura's Social Cog theory say?
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emphasizes the influence of others on our actions/behaviors
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What is Reciprocal Determinism?
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The interaction of behaviors, thoughts, and the environment determine human functioning and personality
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What is self-efficacy?
how is it strengthened? |
belief about your own ability to meet the needs of a certain situation
-strengthened through ---observational learning ---life experiences |
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What are 3 trait theories? Who came up with this theory?
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Neoriticism
Psychoticism Introversion Hans Eysnk |
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Name 5 factors from the 5-factor model
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- Conscientiousness
-Extroversion -Openness to experience -Agreeableness -Neuroticism |
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Evidence for behavioral genetics is much stronger for which 2 traits?
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extroversion, neuroticism
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What are the 3 psychosexual stages?
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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