Psych Chp. 1-2

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psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (how we act, think, feel, etc)

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psychiatry

Back 2

the science of diagnosing and treating mental disorders

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physiological

Back 3

pertaining to the study of the normal function of an organism

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cognitive

Back 4

pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning

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What do psychologists do?

Back 5

use a systematic method of asking and answering questions about how people think, act, and feel

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Goals of psychology

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to describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior using the scientific method

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introspection

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observation or examination of one's own mental and emotional state, mental processes, etc

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applied science

Back 8

applying scientific knowledge to practical problems

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basic science

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the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake; foundation for applied psychology

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insight

Back 10

an understanding of relationships that shed light on or helps solve a problem

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eidetic memory

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the ability to recall images with vividness bordering on actual visual perception; total recall; photographic memory

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behavior modification

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the direct changing of unwanted behavior by means of biofeedback or conditioning

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shaping

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a technique of conditioning in which the desired behavior is modeled by first rewarding and requiring approximation to the desired behavior before rewarding

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primary reinforcers

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unconditional reinforcement, occurs naturally and does not require learning in order to work (food, drink, pleasure)

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secondary reinforcers

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conditioned reinforcement, involves stimuli that have become rewarding by being paired with another reinforcing stimulus (a clicker before giving a dog a treat)

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extinction

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the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

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generalization

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Stimulus Generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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discrimination

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Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds.

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feature extraction

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The identification and analysis of specific elements of a sensory input.

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selective attention

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the process by which a person can selectively pick out one message from a mixture of messages occurring simultaneously

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population

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The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions

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sample

Back 22

The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study 

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Stratified/random sample

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A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected

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correlation

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association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.

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Independent variable

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A manipulated experimental factor' the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are

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dependent variable

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The outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable

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control group

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The participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable

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experimental group

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The participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under study - that is, those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents

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naturalistic observation

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The observation of behavior in a real-world setting

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case study

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An in-depth look at a single individual

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observer effect

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when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed

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longitudinal study

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Longitudinal research involves conducting a study over a period of time, sometimes for months or even years.

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cross-cultural study

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a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior.