Psych Chapter 3

Front 1

Cells of the nervous system?

Back 1

Neurons and neuroglia, aka "glia" in the book.

Front 2

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit information.

Back 2

Neurons.

Front 3

Neuron cell body

Back 3

Soma.

Front 4

The parts of the neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Back 4

Dendrite. Greek for "tree". Dendrites branch out of the cell body to receive information from axons.

Front 5

A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

Back 5

Axon. Can be several feet long.

Front 6

White, fatty cells that encase the axon. Insulates and speeds transmissions.

Back 6

Myelin sheath. Degredation in myelin sheath can cause loss of muscle control due to poor transmitability.

Front 7

Small knob that secretes checmicals called neurotransmitters.

Back 7

Terminal button.

Front 8

Junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.

Two neurons do not touch, the space between them is called the...

Back 8

Synapse, synaptic cleft.

Front 9

Cells found throughout nervous system that provide support for neurons.

Back 9

Glia, or neuroglia. Smaller than neurons, outnumber them 10/1.

Front 10

....account for over 50% of the brains volume.

Back 10

Glial cells.

Front 11

A complex electrochemical reaction where positively charged sodium and potassium ions and negatively charged chloride ions flow back and forth across the cell membrane at different rates. There is a higher concentration of negatively charged ions inside the cell.

Back 11

Neural impulse.

Front 12

The stabel, negative charge of an inactive neuron.

Back 12

The resting potential.

Front 13

A very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon. Less negative or even positively charged within the cell.

Back 13

Action potential.

Front 14

The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.

Back 14

Absolute refractory period.

Front 15

Either a neuron fires or it doesn't, but the intensity of the action potential can vary depending on the intesity of the stimuli that caused it. This is called the...

Back 15

All or none law.

Front 16

Neuron that sends the signal.

Back 16

Presynaptic neuron.

Front 17

Neuron that receives the signal.

Back 17

Postsynaptic neuron.

Front 18

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.

Back 18

Neurotransmitters.

Front 19

Sacs inside the terminal button where neurotransmitters are stored before an action potential.

Back 19

Synaptic vesicles.

Front 20

Neurotransmitters are released when...

Back 20

a synaptic vesicle fuses with the membrane of the presynaptic neuron.

Front 21

Neurotransmitters bind with special molecules in the postsynaptic cell membrane at various...

Back 21

receptor sites. Which respond to certain neurotransmitters but not others.

Front 22

A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane.

Back 22

Postsynaptic potential (PSP) no, not playstation.

Front 23

A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential.

Back 23

Excitatory PSP

(excitement causes events)

Front 24

A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential.

Back 24

Inhibitory PSP

(inhibition stops events)

Front 25

Neurotransmitters are inactivated by...

Back 25

enzymes that metabolize them into inactive forms.

Front 26

A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane.

Recycling.

Back 26

Reuptake.

Front 27

Our perceptions, thoughts and actions depend on patterns of neural activity in elaborate neural...

Back 27

networks.

Front 28

Elimination of old or less active synapses.

Back 28

Synaptic pruning.

Front 29

Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles. Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal and memory.

Back 29

Acetylcholine (ACh)

(Alzeimer's)

Front 30

Contributes to control of voluntary movement.

Reward pathway.

Back 30

Dopamine (DA)

(Parkinson's, schizophrenic disorders, addictive disorders)

Front 31

Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal.

Back 31

Norepinephrine.

(Depressive disorders)

Front 32

Involved in regulation of agression, sleep and wakefulness.

Back 32

Serotonin.

(Depressive disorders, OCD, Eating disorders)

Front 33

Serves as a widely distributed inhibitory transmitter, contributing to regulation of anxiety, sleep and arousal.

Back 33

GABA.

(Anxiety disorders)

Front 34

Serves as widely distributed excitatory transmitter. Involved in learning and memory.

Back 34

Glutamate.

(Schizophrenia)

Front 35

Resembles opiate drugs in structure and effects. Plays role in pain relief and response to stress. Contributes to regulation of eating behaviors.

Back 35

Endorophins.

Front 36

Chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.

Back 36

Agonist.

Front 37

Chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter.

Back 37

Antagonist.

Front 38

Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are...

Back 38

Monoamines.

Front 39

The nervous system contains...

Back 39

The central nervous system

The peripheral nervous system

Front 40

The central nervous system (CNS) contains...

Back 40

The brain

The spinal cord

Front 41

The brain contains...

Back 41

The forebrain

The midbrain

The hindbrain

Front 42

The forebrain contains...

Back 42

The cerebrum

The limbic system

The thalamus

The hypothalamus

Front 43

The midrain contains, in part....

Back 43

The reticular formation

Front 44

The hindgrain contains...

Back 44

Part of the reticular formation

The cerebellum

The pons

The medulla

Front 45

The peripheral nervous system contains...

Back 45

The somatic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system

Front 46

The somatic nervous system contains...

Back 46

The afferent nerves

The efferent nerves

Front 47

The autonomic nervous system contains...

Back 47

The sympathetic division

The parasympathetic division

Front 48

Made up of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Back 48

The peripheral nervous system.

(PNS)

Front 49

Bundles of axons that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system.

Back 49

Nerves.

Front 50

Made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors.

Back 50

The somatic nervous system.

Front 51

Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body.

Back 51

Afferent nerve fibers.

Front 52

Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.

Back 52

Efferent nerve fibers.

Front 53

Made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands.

Back 53

The autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Front 54

Organisms response to threats by preparing physiologically for attacking or fleeing.

Back 54

Fight or flight.

Front 55

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the bodys resources for emergencies.

Back 55

The sympathetic division.

Front 56

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources.

Back 56

The parasympathetic division.

Front 57

Fluid that protects the central nervous system (CNS).

Back 57

Cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 58

Cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 58

Ventricles.

Front 59

A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attatched to the surface of the scalp.

Back 59

Electroencephalograph (EEG).

Front 60

Involves destroying a piece of the brain.

Back 60

Lesioning.

Front 61

A device used to implant electrodes at precise brain locations.

Back 61

Stereotaxic instrument.

Front 62

Involves sending a weak electrical current into a brain structure to stimulate it.

Back 62

Electrical stimulation of the brain, (ESB).

Front 63

A new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain.

Back 63

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Front 64

A computer enhanced x-ray of brain structure.

Back 64

Computerized tomography (CT scan).

Front 65

Radioactively tagged chemicals are introduced into the brain to serve as markers of blood flow or metabolic activity. Creates color coded map indicating which areas of the brain are active when the subject does tasks.

Back 65

Positron emission tomography (PET scan).

Front 66

Uses magnetic fields, radio waves and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure.

Back 66

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Front 67

Variation of MRI that monitors blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain to identify areas of high activity.

Back 67

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Front 68

Includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons.

Back 68

The hindbrain.

Front 69

Controls unconcious, vital bodily functions.

Back 69

Medulla.

Front 70

Involved with sleep and arousal.

Back 70

Pons.

Front 71

Large and deeply folded structure, critical to the coordination of movement and sense of equilibrium.

Back 71

Cerebellum.

Front 72

The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain.

Back 72

The midbrain.

Front 73

Located at the central core of the brainstem. Contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing and pain perception. Also regulates sleep and arousal.

Back 73

The reticular formation.

Front 74

The largest and most complex region of the brain encompassing a variety of structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, lymbic system and cerebrum.

Back 74

The forebrain.

Front 75

All sensory information besides smell must pass through this brain structure.

Back 75

Thalamus.

Front 76

Found near the base of the forebrain, this structure is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.

Back 76

Hypothalamus.

Front 77

A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and the deeper subcortical areas. Structures included are the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb and cingulate gyrus. Involved in regulation of memeory, motivation and emotion.

Back 77

The limbic system.

Front 78

Largest and most complex part of the human brain. Responsible for complex mental activities like learning, remembering, thinking and consciousness itself.

Back 78

Cerebrum.

Front 79

The intricately folded outer layer of the cerebrum.

Back 79

The cerebral cortex.

Front 80

Structure that connects the two cerebrall hemispheres.

Back 80

The corpus collosum.

Front 81

Neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another perform the same action.

Back 81

Mirror neurons.

Front 82

The formation of new neurons.

Back 82

Neurogenesis.

Front 83

Left and right imbalances between cerebrall hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing.

Back 83

Perceptual asymmetries.

Front 84

Consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.

Back 84

The endocrine system.

Front 85

Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands.

Back 85

Hormones.

Front 86

Releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands.

Back 86

The pituitary gland.

Front 87

Hormone released by the pituitary gland which regulates reproductive behaviors.

Back 87

Oxytocin.

Front 88

Two genes in a specific pair are the same.

Back 88

Homozygous condition.

Front 89

Two genes in a specific pair are different.

Back 89

Heterozygous condition.

Front 90

A persons genetic makeup.

Back 90

Genotype.

Front 91

The ways in which a persons genotype is manifested in observable characteristics.

Back 91

Phenotype.

Front 92

Characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes.

Back 92

Polygenic traits.

Front 93

Researchers assesss heredity by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait.

Back 93

Family studies.

Front 94

Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblence of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait.

Back 94

Twin studies.

Front 95

Emerges from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons.

Back 95

Identical (monozygotic) twins.

Front 96

Results when two eggs are fertilized simultaneously by different sperm cells (or egg cells) and forming two zygotes.

Back 96

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins.

Front 97

Assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblence between adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents.

Back 97

Adoption studies.

Front 98

The study of heritable changes in the gene expression that do not involve modifications to the DNA sequence.

Back 98

Epigenetics.