Psych Chaps 1-6

Front 1

animism

Back 1

Everything had a soul; mental illness thought to be caused by evil spirits.

Front 2

trephining

Back 2

Removing a piece of the skull to allow the spirit to escape. Mental illness thought to be caused by evil spirits.

Front 3

Hippocrates

Back 3

Thought mental illness was caused by a problem in the brain and not demons; gave meaning to mental conditions, mania, melancholia, dementia, hysteria

Front 4

mania

Back 4

excited, lack of sleep

Front 5

melancholia

Back 5

depression

Front 6

dementia

Back 6

loss of cognitive functioning

Front 7

hysteria

Back 7

physical disorder, pain and paralysis with no physical cause

Front 8

Galen

Back 8

Observed role of emotions in mental illness. Distinguished emotions from physical issues. Remedies meant to soothe the individual.

Front 9

asylums

Back 9

St. Marys: changed from a regular hospital to an asylum for the mentally ill, became known as "Bedlam" because of its horrible treatment of patients.

Front 10

Moral Treatment

Back 10

Work of two men named Pinel (made asylum more friendly) and Tuke (called patients guests, encouraged self-esteem, encouraged guests to work) to reform mental asylums and make them treat patients better and be shown kindness

Front 11

Benjamin Rush

Back 11

Had a son with schizophrenia, required that all mental hospital nurses be educated and treat patients with dignity. Wrote the first book on psychiatry.

Front 12

Dorothea Dix - Mental Hospital Reform

Back 12

Volunteered in an asylum for the mentally ill that had poor conditions. Campaigned to end bad treatment and established 32 mental hospitals.

Front 13

Clifford Beers

Back 13

"The Mind that Found Itself" Was put into a straight jacket, later published an autobiography about the unfair treatment / what it was like to wear a straight jacket. Began working on the National Committee For Better Hygiene.

Front 14

Somatogenic perspective

Back 14

Mental illness can have a biological / physical cause; general paresis from syphilis.

Front 15

Psychogenic Perspective

Back 15

Mental illness comes from the mind. Using hypnosis can cure mental disease.

Front 16

F. Mesmer / mesmerism

Back 16

Thought there was a blockage of magnetism, used iron fillings in a tub / metal rod to "mesmerize" the patient (later called hypnosis)

Front 17

Psychiatrist

Back 17

4 yrs medial, 3 yrs psychiatry, can give out prescriptions for meds

Front 18

Clinical Psychologist

Back 18

Cannot write prescriptions, give therapy

Front 19

Psychoanalyst

Back 19

Learn the methods of Freud, Jung, Aeller to explain and treat mental illnesses

Front 20

Case Study

Back 20

Clinical data observations, psychological tests, look at records. Advantages: natural, generate hypothesis, document rare problems, develop new therapies. Disadvantages: lack of repeatability, hard to get all the information (patient could lie to you)

Front 21

Correlational Research

Back 21

Examines the relationship between 2 factors to determine their association. Correlation does not mean causation.

Front 22

Correlational Coefficient

Back 22

Degree of relationship between 2 variable. Positive: direct relationship, high GPA in high school high GPA in college. Negative: inverse relationship, how many days a student missed class and how well they do on exams

Front 23

Experimental Research

Back 23

Allows researcher to detect cause and effect. Changes in one variable (x - independent, researcher can vary) changes the other variable (y - dependent, changed because of the independent)

Front 24

Syndrome

Back 24

A cluster of symptoms that go together

Front 25

Diagnosis

Back 25

Name / label of the disorder

Front 26

Etiology

Back 26

History of the person, cause

Front 27

Prognosis

Back 27

Future / outcome odds (if you have schizophrenia you have a 25% chance of becoming well)

Front 28

Treatment

Back 28

Drugs, therapy

Front 29

Prevention

Back 29

Parenting classes

Front 30

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 30

Two parts- Sympathetic: fight / flight response, heart beats faster leads to adrenal glands and cortisol Parasympathetic: brings you back to a steady stage to keep you even

Front 31

Neuron

Back 31

Nerve cell

Front 32

Axon

Back 32

long fiber

Front 33

Dendrite

Back 33

receiver of information. Synapse sends messages to the neuron

Front 34

Dopamine

Back 34

Too little = Parkinsons too much = schizophrenia

Front 35

Serotonin

Back 35

Mood; too little = depressed

Front 36

GABA

Back 36

inhibitory neurotransmitter; too little = anxiety disorder

Front 37

cortisol

Back 37

stimulates activity

Front 38

Family Tree

Back 38

Someone has an illness, study all of blood relatives to see if other family members are carriers of the disease. Index case is the first person to have the disease (that you're tracking down from)

Front 39

Twin Studies

Back 39

Start with the one who has the disorder then follow the twin. Monozygotic = identical, dizygotic = fraternal. Usually monozygotic twins have a higher likelihood of both having the disorder (percentage expressed in a rate of concordance)

Front 40

Psychotropic drugs

Back 40

Antipsychotic, antibipolar, antidepressant, antianxiety

Front 41

Anti-anxiety drugs: propanediols, benzodiazepines

Back 41

propanediols: make you feel calm, benzodiazepines: leave regular behaviors intact ...Valium & Xanax

Front 42

Anti-depressant drugs

Back 42

tricyclics: eleval, increase concentration MAO inhibitors:can't eat certain foods with them, Nandil SSRI's: keeps reintake of serotonin from happening

Front 43

Antibipolar drugs

Back 43

Lithium carbonate used but can be harsh on kidneys / gastro system.

Front 44

Antipsychotic drugs

Back 44

To be used with schizophrenia, alleviate hallucinations and delusions. Troublesome side effects. ...Clozapine & Thorazine are types of Tardive dyskinesia (drug)

Front 45

Electroconvulsive therapy

Back 45

Only used for severe depression, memory sometimes doesn't come back

Front 46

Psychosurgery

Back 46

first person to do the operation was Monez, For severe depression, anxiety, OCD. Done through the eyes, small part of brain taken out.

Front 47

Freud's conscious, preconscious, unconscious models

Back 47

Conscious - everything you're aware of at a given moment. Preconscious - thoughts and memories that can be obtained from memory. Unconscious - powerful drives outside of consciousness

Front 48

id

Back 48

Power at birth and its source of psychic energy. Primitive, impulsive, unorganized, irrational, INSTINCTS

Front 49

Pleasure Principle

Back 49

Tension suppressed by a reflex action, WHAT YOU WANT IMMEDIATELY

Front 50

Ego, Reality Principle

Back 50

Ego has contact with reality, delays gratification of the id’s desires until it is appropriates. Reality principle gratifies the id’s desire but does it only when it is appropriate and will not harm the person. Secondary process thinking = knowing the difference between reality and fantasy

Front 51

Superego

Back 51

Social and moral values, social controls. (pride & guilt, rewards & punishment)

Front 52

Reality anxiety

Back 52

things you should be anxious about

Front 53

Neurotic anxiety

Back 53

worrying for no reason

Front 54

Moral anxiety

Back 54

conscience

Front 55

Repression

Back 55

Defense mechanism: ego controls id impulses. Excludes impulses / thoughts from the unconscious.

Front 56

Denial

Back 56

Defense mechanism: Fails to acknowledge unacceptable thoughts, feelings, actions. Refuses to face them, can sometimes help but is mostly bad.

Front 57

Rationalization

Back 57

Defense mechanism: Explains bad behavior to make it acceptable

Front 58

Reaction formation

Back 58

Defense mechanism: Exactly opposite of true feelings, hypocrisy.

Front 59

Psychosexual development, 3 stages

Back 59

Oral stage: 0-18 mos. mouth, lips, hunger, gratification, chewing feel. Anal stage: 18 mos - 3 yrs. expulsion then retention of feces, toilet training important for personality development. Phallic stage: 4-5 yrs, genital area, child often feels lust toward parent of opposite sex

Front 60

Oedipus & castration

Back 60

Oedipus = boy, boy is afraid his father will cut off his penis so he takes on father's behaviors

Front 61

electra complex, penis envy

Back 61

electra = girl, girl discovers she doesn't have penis and wants one. Hostile towards mother because of a desire towards the father

Front 62

Free association

Back 62

Saying whatever comes to mind to help patient realize conflicts and solve anxiety problems.

Front 63

Dream analysis

Back 63

Repressive defenses are lowered when sleeping. Sometimes expressed in symbolic form. Manifest: story-line, what you remember. Latent: motives are disguised, therapist interprets manifest content.

Front 64

Resistance

Back 64

Unwillingness to talk about certain thoughts / experiences. Therapist helps find source of resistance.

Front 65

Transference

Back 65

Unwilling or inability to talk about certain problems

Front 66

Unconditioned stimulus / unconditioned response

Back 66

Tone --> food (unconditioned stimulus) --> salvation (unconditioned response)

Front 67

Conditioned stimulus / conditioned response

Back 67

tone (conditioned stimulus) --> food / salivation (conditioned response). Learning to salivate after the tone is heard is a conditioned response.

Front 68

Stimulus generalization

Back 68

response occurs to similar stimuli

Front 69

Stimulus discrimination

Back 69

being able to differentiate one from another. (red = stop, green = go)

Front 70

Watson's experiment with LIttle Albert

Back 70

Albert had normal hearing, Watson gave baby a white rat to play with and then made a loud noise, baby associated white rat with scary noise and then associated other white things as being scary.

Front 71

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Back 71

Positive brings something desirable, negative removes something undesirable.

Front 72

Punishment

Back 72

Behavior decreases in occurrence

Front 73

Bandura modeling

Back 73

A major part of human learning is observational learning. Bandura was concerned with how violence on TV would affect children.

Front 74

Flooding

Back 74

Place patient in real life situation (fear of spiders, get spider, put it on patient’s arm), until the fear response does not occur.

Front 75

Systematic Desensitization - Wolpe

Back 75

You can’t be relaxed and anxious at the same time. He wanted to teach relaxation (systematic relaxation), patient goes through relaxation methods and then therapist shows patient scary images (spider) and hopefully the patient is so relaxed that they ignore and get over fear. Has had excellent results.

Front 76

Modeling

Back 76

First the therapist handles spider, then the patient handles the spider

Front 77

Albert Ellis

Back 77

Rational emotive therapy. Restructure patients relief system, therapist helps rid patient of “should, must” (patient thinks they have to call parents frequently or they won’t love you).

Front 78

Aaron Beck

Back 78

Developed cognitive therapy. Works to help people recognize and change their faulty thinking.

Front 79

Carl Rogers

Back 79

Client-centered therapy, as the client you are responsible for your on treatment. The therapist is there to help you through a problem, support

Front 80

Existential model

Back 80

1. Existence is what we make of it
2. Existence is created by choices
3. Find satisfying values
4. You should be concerned about not doing anything

Front 81

client-centered therapy - Rogers

Back 81

Therapist doesn't impose a goal on the client, the object is to accept themselves

Front 82

Unconditional positive regard - Roger

Back 82

Therapist accepts patient regardless of what they say or do

Front 83

Gestalt therapy, Fritz Perls

Back 83

People have a basic goodness, problems originate from frustrations and fears to accept natural goodness. Concentration on the "here and now" and not delving into the past

Front 84

existential therapy

Back 84

Not a specific set of therapeutic techniques, you have free will and the freedom to choose an authentic life.

Front 85

Societal labels

Back 85

Labels can influence abnormal behavior

Front 86

David Rosenham 1973, Being Sane in Insane Places

Back 86

Volunteers went to hospitals and said they were hearing voices, were then diagnosed with schizophrenia but dropped all symptoms when they were admitted to the hospital.

Front 87

EEG

Back 87

electrodes on sides of brain, electrodes send a current through the brain to get a good picture.

Front 88

CAT scan

Back 88

computerized picture of brain

Front 89

PET scan

Back 89

radioactive material on brain to see increased activity

Front 90

MRI scan

Back 90

Use magnets for a clear picture of brain

Front 91

complaints and signs

Back 91

Complaints are symptoms the person reveals directly. Signs are things the therapist observes without the person speaking to them.

Front 92

Axis I

Back 92

all mental disorders except 2 on the Axis II

Front 93

Axis II

Back 93

Mental retardation and personality disorders

Front 94

Axis III

Back 94

General medical conditions

Front 95

Axis IV

Back 95

Psychosocial and environmental problems

Front 96

Axis V

Back 96

from 1-100 how much you can handle your symptoms

Front 97

agoraphobia

Back 97

person is afraid to be in places or situations that seem hard to escape, bridges.

Front 98

Psychodynamic View of Anxieties

Back 98

Symptoms represent egos fears and impulses that were repressed but are now filtered into consciousness.

Front 99

Little Hans

Back 99

Boy afraid to leave house because he thought horses would fall down and bite him. Scared that father would destroy his "widdler", displaced wish that father was dead on horses, pretended to bite his father and the fear disapeared. Freud interpreted Hans' fear as epidemis complex and castration fears.

Front 100

Panic disorder (without agoraphobia)

Back 100

Intense anxiety that rises to a peak, reoccurring attacks means you have the disorder.

Front 101

Panic disorder symptoms

Back 101

Severe heart palpitations, shortness of breath, psycho sensory symptoms, distortion of light and sound, loss of self identity.

Front 102

Panic disorder w/ agoraphobia

Back 102

Repeated attacks of extreme anxiety or fear of being places where escape would be difficult. Can differ in severity. Related to norepinephrin NT.

Front 103

Orbital gyrus (OCD)

Back 103

Abnormal brain activity, supposed to filter out interfering stimuli.

Front 104

Serotonin (OCD)

Back 104

Patients have a lower than normal count.

Front 105

Caudate Nucleus of the Basal Ganglia (OCD)

Back 105

May be unable to properly regulate the transmission of information regarding worrying events or ideas between the thalamus and the orbitofrontal cortex.

Front 106

Psychophysical disorder

Back 106

A physical illness (asthma, headache, ulcer) where development has been influenced by mental problems.

Front 107

Rational Emotive Therapy

Back 107

Albert Ellis - get rid of "shoulds" "coulds" "woulds" in their mental state

Front 108

Psychoneuroimmunology

Back 108

Stress ruins immune system and makes you sick

Front 109

Role of Hostility

Back 109

Men are outward about feelings, women are inward with feelings.