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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Optimal organogenesis emanates initially from the overall health and union of |
sperm and ovum at conception.
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With the help of glial cells and growth factors, neurons continue to migrate to their terminal sites within the frontal lobes, making connections with other neurons and laying down the structures that will guide
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executive functioning and self-regulation.
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To test newborn neurological intactness:
Scores are between: |
Apgar score = appearance / skin coloration, pulse rate, grimace / reflex irritability and cry, Activity / muscle tone, Respiration effort.
Obtainable scores are between 1 – 10 (10 being high.) |
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APGAR A score is given for each sign at _____ minute and _____ minutes after the birth. If there are problems with the baby an additional score is given at _____ minutes. A score of _____ is considered normal, while _____ might require some resuscitation measures, and a baby with apgars of _____ requires immediate resuscitation. |
one / five / ten 7-10 4-7 3 and below |
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Throughout our lives, __________ are modified, solidifying memories or causing them to be forgotten.
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neuronal synapses
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Brain is divided in to the right and left _____.
Brain is divided in to four ___________. Name the four lobes. All lobes are connected by a band of axons called the _________. |
hemisphere. lobes. frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal corpus callosum. |
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Two types of cells of the brain tissue are______ and _____. What does gila do? (5) How does the gila maintain homeostasis? Another name for uncoated neuronal cells is _________. __________________________________________ Neurons are the ___________ of the brain. Responsible for the majority of _________. Receives input from ________. Anatomy: neurons have nuclei that contains _____. Has liquid ________ that surrounds nuclei. Has organelles that ___________. Has dendrites (branches) that ____________. Has axons (covered with myelin) that ____________. Myelin's function: _______ the axons and allows _________ to travel quickly down the axons, regenerating at small breaks called ______ in the myelin until they reach the ________. |
gila and neurons
GILA -supporting structures (like glue) -guiding migration of neurons during development -controlling extracellular concentrations of potassium (K+) and other ions -forms protective sheaths around axons of neurons called myelin (white matter). -Maintains homeostasis. Homeostasis: 1. To surround neurons and hold them in place2. To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons3. To insulate one neuron from another4. To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. grey matter ______________________________________ -microprocessors -communication among structures of the brain with other body parts. -other neurons. -DNA -cytoplasm -produce proteins -receive information from other cells. -send information to other cells. -insulates -electrical signals (axon potentials) -nodes of Ranvier -terminal |
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Once the _____ reaches the ___________, it triggers the release of ___________ which are ______ in nature. They _____ across the spaces between the _______ and activates the _________. Here the chemical either _______ (3) such as MAO (monoamine oxidase) or Amino Acid. |
electrical action potential neuron terminal neurotransmitters chemical diffuse neurons (synapses) receptors diffuses out of the synapse, gets pumped back into the terminal for recycling (reuptake), or gets broken down by enzymes |
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MENTAL DISORDERS – concerned with alterations in function that accompany a particular ___________.
Stress response” The HPA Axis: The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands = ____________ |
syndrome or disease alcoholism anxiety and major depression the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the hypothalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys). |
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Second pathway in HPA axis: hypothalamus releases _________which triggers the __________ to produce _________ . This hormone stimulates the _______ (top of kidneys) to release _______ which works slowly to ______ and _________ . If all goes well, active coping leads to _________. If not, _________ increases with continued _______. This leads to ______(5). The _______ is really sensitive to ______ , and may experience ______ with results in _____.
Summary: physical and emotional stress and illness can trigger release of more ACTH, resulting in increased cortisol levels. Eventually the human organism will succumb to exhaust. |
corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
pituitary gland adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) adrenal glands cortisol increase the use of glucose and decrease inflammation (important when dealing with long term stress) resolution of the stress wear and tear on body cortisol secretion risk for hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, increased cholesterol, and eventually arteriosclerosis hippocampus cortisol atrophy problems with memory |
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Neurodevelopmental Theory: observation that during the late teens, when most people develop full access to the frontal executive functions of the brain, schizophrenia sufferers start to develop ________. Pathophysiology of schizophrenia is characterized by _______. |
disordered thinking abnormal neurotransmission |
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Two hypothesis about pathophysciology of depression: Early life stressors such as loss of parent, trauma, neglect have long lasting effects on the HPA axis, leading to chronic difficulty in managing stress and chronic elevated levels of _____ . Two terms used to describe neuronal activity in bipolar disorder is _______. Over time, the brain appears to become sensitized to stress and much less stress is necessary to trigger an episode. Bipolar I: Bipolar II disorder Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder and manic-depressive illness, is a mental disorder characterized by _______. The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania or hypomania depending on the severity or whether there is _________. During mania an individual feels or acts abnormally happy, energetic, or irritable. They often make poorly thought out decisions with little regard to the consequences. The need for sleep is usually reduced. During periods of depression there may be crying, poor eye contact with others, and a negative outlook on life. The risk of suicide among those with the disorder is high at greater than 6% over 20 years, while self harm occurs in 30–40%. Other mental health issues such as _____ and _____ are commonly associated. _____is the defining feature of bipolar disorder, and can occur with different levels of severity. With milder levels of mania, known as_____ , individuals appear energetic, excitable, and may be highly productive. As mania worsens, individuals begin to exhibit erratic and impulsive behavior, often making poor decisions due to unrealistic ideas about the future, and sleep very little. At the most severe level, manic individuals can experience very distorted beliefs about the world known as ______. A depressive episode commonly follows an episode of mania. The biological mechanisms responsible for switching from a manic or hypomanic episode to a depressive episode or vice versa remain poorly understood. Mania is a distinct period of at least _______ of elevated or irritable mood, which can take the form of euphoria, and exhibit three or more of the following behaviors (four if irritable): speak in a rapid, uninterruptible manner, are easily distracted, have racing thoughts, display an increase in goal-oriented activities or feel agitated, or exhibit behaviors characterized as impulsive or high-risk such as hypersexuality or excessive money spending. To meet the definition for a manic episode, these behaviors must impair the individual's ability to _____ or _____. If untreated, a manic episode usually lasts __________. People with mania may also experience a decreased need for sleep, speak excessively in addition to speaking rapidly, and may have impaired judgment. Manic individuals often have issues with substance abuse due to a combination of ________ or __________. At more extreme levels, a person in a manic state can experience psychosis, or a break with reality, a state in which thinking is affected along with mood. They may feel out of control or unstoppable, or as if they have been "chosen" and are on a special mission, or have other grandiose or delusional ideas. Approximately ___% of those with bipolar disorder experience delusions or hallucinations. This may lead to violent behaviors and hospitalization in an inpatient psychiatric hospital. The onset of a manic (or depressive) episode is often foreshadowed by ________. Mood changes, psychomotor and appetite changes, and an increase in anxiety can also occur up to ________ before a manic episode develops. Hypomanic episodesHypomania is a milder form of mania defined as at least _____ of the same criteria as mania, but does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features (i.e., delusions or hallucinations), and does not require psychiatric hospitalization. Overall functioning may actually increase during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression. Hypomanic episodes rarely progress to true manic episodes. Some hypomanic people show increased creativity while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment. Hypomanic people generally have__________ and _________. Hypomania may feel good to the person who experiences it.Thus, even when family and friends recognize mood swings, the individual will often deny that anything is wrong. What might be called a "hypomanic event", if not accompanied by depressive episodes, is often not deemed as problematic, unless the mood changes are uncontrollable, volatile or mercurial. Most commonly, symptoms continue for_______ to __________ . Signs and symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder include persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt, anger, isolation, or hopelessness;ndisturbances in sleep and appetite; fatigue and loss of interest in usually enjoyable activities; problems concentrating; loneliness, self-loathing, apathy or indifference; depersonalization; loss of interest in sexual activity; shyness or social anxiety; irritability, chronic pain (with or without a known cause); lack of motivation; and morbid suicidal thoughts. In severe cases, the individual may become psychotic, a condition also known as ____________. These symptoms include delusions or, less commonly, hallucinations, which are usually frightening and/or intimidating. A major depressive episode persists for at least _______, and may continue for over _____ if left untreated. Because a bipolar diagnosis requires a manic or hypomanic episode, many patients are initially diagnosed and treated as having ________. Mixed affective episodes In the context of bipolar disorder, a mixed state is a condition during which symptoms of both _____ and _____ occur at the same time. Individuals experiencing a mixed state may have manic symptoms such as grandiose thoughts while at the same time experiencing depressive symptoms such as excessive guilt or feeling suicidal. Mixed states are considered to be high-risk for suicidal behavior since depressive emotions such as hopelessness are often paired with mood swings or difficulties with________. Anxiety disorder occurs more frequently as a comorbidity in mixed bipolar episodes than in non-mixed bipolar depression or mania. Substance abuse (including alcohol) also follows this trend. |
5-HT (serotonin), NE (norepinephrine), DA(dopamine)
irritable or expansive mood, pressured speech, flight of ideas, decreased sleep, increased goal directed activity. 1) Monamines are the neurotrabsmitters that include 5-HT, NE, DA. Depression is caused by a reduction or deficit in or more of these. 2) HPA axis (stress response system) appears to be the main site where genetic and environmental influences converge to cause mood disorders. cortisol sensitivity and kindling Bipolar I: sensitivity and kindling. Bipolar II disorder is a milder form, involving milder episodes of hypomania that alternate with depression. periods of elevated mood and periods of depression psychosis anxiety disorder and substance use disorder Mania hypomania psychosis three weeks socialize or work three to six months thrill-seeking and poor judgment 50% sleep disturbances a few weeks to a few months severe bipolar depression with psychotic features two weeks six months major depression mania and depression impulse control |
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Anxiety is thought to involve brain circuits that are regulated by the _____which is the small brain structure that is responsible for detecting threat and initiating the stress response.
Anxiety is common at all ages. Common in children is separation anxiety disorder which is a normal stage developed at around ____ to _____ months. But if it continues (the child does not adjust) it is a disorder. It can manifest as enuresis = __________. It can manifest as encopresis = ________. or encopresis =__________ or _______. |
amygdala basal ganglia
6 - 18 months repeated voiding in bed or clothes voluntary or involuntary passage of stool in a child who has previously been toilet trained, typically over age 4. |
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Anxiety and depression share symptoms: tension headaches, migraine headaches, musculoskeletal pain.
Chronic response to stress via the HPA axis equates to increased circulating levels of _____ which has been linked to increased abdominal fat, impaired immune function, disrupted glucose metabolism, cardiovascular symptoms such as hypertension, gastric ulcers, and hippocampal atrophy with leads to learning and memory impairments. The brains’ GABA receptors can be changed by CNS depressants such as alcohol and benzos. When taken, anxiety subsides. When withdrawing, anxiety increases. This suggest that the neurotransmitter GABS and its receptors are important in the symptoms of anxiety. Too little GABA means anxiety. Too much leads to anxiety (obtained from NE or glutamate). Benzodiazepines (medications such as ___ (3) reduce anxiety through the way they interact with the GABA receptors. (On the other hand, coffee inhibits GABA, and so can make you more anxious or buzzed up.) Most of the substances used to relieve anxiety – alcohol, cannabis, tranquilizers – get their effect through boosting GABA in your brain. Excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate brain cells, while inhibitory ones reduce stimulation. Like all neurotransmitters, too much or too little of either one leads to problems. GABA, which is short for gamma-aminobutyric acid, is your primary__________. Its primary role is to calm the brain, slow things down and relax you. One of the ways that it assists in this process is by increasing alpha wave production. It is also vital in speech and language. GABA puts the pause or space between words when you speak. The brain uses it to support sensory integration. Without adequate GABA production, our conversations would consist of lots of run on sentences, slurred speech or loss of speech, and we would have trouble with comprehending language. Insufficient levels of GABA result in__________ . Low levels of GABA play a vital role in _____+_ (3), as these substances will temporarily and artificially increase GABA, so one is unconsciously drawn to them. However, these substances also deplete neurotransmitters, so they will perpetuate the problem. |
cortisol valium and xanax and ativan inhibitory neurotransmitter nervousness, anxiety and panic disorders, aggressive behavior, decreased eye-contact and anti-social behavior, attention deficit, problems with eye-focusing (like that seen in autistic children when both eyes are focused inward towards the nose or waver back and forth in a horizontal or vertical movement), chronic pain syndromes and much more. It may also contribute to GERD as it is needed to help regulate the lower part of the esophagus alcoholism, drug addiction, and cravings for sugar and carbs |
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OBESITY
Can result from a variety of disorders that cause hormonal imbalance including hypothyroidism, hypercortisolism, primary hyperinsulisism, pseydoohypoparathyroidism, and acquired hypothatamic problems such as tumors, infections, traumatic syndromes. High fat, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and some forms of cancer.Obesity can cause high cholesterol. |
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AnorexIA This starvation disease causes _____(8). All organ systems are affected. Bulimia can lead to metabolic disturbances, electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia) in the purging type of bulimia. Non purging type of bulimia may include_____ or _____ , but not laxatives, vomiting, or enemas. |
cardiac arrhythmias, bradycardia or tachycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, skin dryness with possible lanugo (a soft, fine, downy hair on the arms and other body parts that is normal in infancy), edema, and amenorrhea. fasting or excessive exercising fasting or excessive exercise |
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Higher rates of substance abuse are found in impulsive groups, violent offenders, and those with conduct disorders or intermittent explosive disorder.
_____ increases alcohol and drug use, and is associated with higher rates of relapse. Substance use disorders are frequently comorbid with other mental disorders. (Dual diagnosis.) |
Stress
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ADHD Risk factors for development include _____ (5). Highly comorbid with anxiety, depression and other mental disorders. The overlap of ADHD with _____ and _____ suggest that the basal ganglia and the motor pathway that produces _____ and travels to the basal ganglia are involved. Also, executive functioning problems (impulsivity, impaired attentional and organizational skills) suggest _____ abnormalities. |
genetics, perinatal complications, neurological illness, diet, allergy, environmental toxins OCD behaviors and motor tics dopamine frontal lobe |
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THE DEMENTIAS
Almost 10% of elderly over ___ and 25-40% over 85 have AD. Treatment is to boost cholinergic function with cholinesterase inhibitors which reduce the metabolism and increases availability. Has been found to enhance memory function in early dementia. Sun downing is the term used for the disorientation that individuals may experience with familiar environmental cues diminish at nighttime. |
65 85 |
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Delirium is fast while dementia is slow progressing. Mental disorders are frequently comorbid with each other: depression / anxiety. Depression / eating disorder. Dementia / depression / anxiety / psychosis. Highest comorbid = ________. |
mania / prevalence of drug use
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___________: cognitive function declines in a stair step rather than progressive fashion seen after CVA. |
Vascular dementia
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When we consider that most of the psychotropic drugs affect these three neurotransmitter systems, it is not surprising that sexual dysfunction is often an unwanted side effect of treatment leading to noninherance of prescribed regimens. |
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Vulnerable populations of AIDS are: (5) Routes of transmission of HIV are______ (3). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a diagnosis of HIV - AIDS when the _ concentration falls to _% of normal. The diagnosis of AIDS is sometimes made after an opportunistic infection, sometimes up to __ years after exposure to HIV. There is now a pill that is antiviral called _____ that is a daily pill taken for those in high risk groups. |
individuals who have unprotected sex with multiple partners, IV drug users, men who have sex with men, hemophiliacs, and children born to HIV women. blood and body fluids (usually through sex), contaminated IV needles, transfusions. T4 / 20% 10 - 17 years Truvada |
