Psych 301 Chapter 7

Front 1

Factors that Effect Prey Selection:

Back 1

Experience (bats followed frog sounds)
Generalist vs. Specialist (lions prefer zebras when they are in packs, but prefer anything when they are alone)

Front 2

Ways to detect prey:

Back 2

Vision (eagles and hawks)
Hearing (owls at night)
Smelling
Echolocation (bats)
Ground Vibrations (sand scorpions at night)
Body Heat (rattlesnakes)
Sensory Organs (sharks)

Front 3

Owls and ears:

Back 3

Asymmetrical ears allow them to hear a wider range of things.

Front 4

Sharks way to detect prey:

Back 4

Sensory organs: detect wave movements from prey then scent and vision to zero in on it.

Front 5

Ways of Capturing Prey:

Back 5

Stalk and Ambush = like wolves, tigers, leopards and lions (short bursts of energy)
Consistent Pursuit = wild dogs and hyenas (chase prey until they tire them out)

Front 6

Benefits of Hunting in Groups:

Back 6

Increases the odds of a successful catch
Fights of Intruders
Vigilance
Confusion

Front 7

Costs of Hunting in Groups:

Back 7

Sharing the proceeds

Front 8

Harris Hawks:

Back 8

usually hunt in mated pairs. Surprise attacks or one attacks one waits to catch and kill. The larger the groups = more meat for each individual

Front 9

Storing Prey:

Back 9

Leopards sometimes leave prey in trees
Red Foxes sometimes bury their prey
Butcher Birds skewer their prey
Hyenas drag their prey into water

Front 10

Primary Defenses=

Back 10

built into the structure and behavior of the animal

ex. Turtle shell

Front 11

Secondary Defenses=

Back 11

Occurs only when the animal is actually faced with a predator

ex. running away

Front 12

Crypsis =

Back 12

camouflage.

Front 13

Kettlewells Study of Peppered Moth =

Back 13

Dark colored moths survived because of Industrial Melanism that had darkened the trees.The light moths were eaten by birds.

Front 14

Catocala Moth:

Back 14

Camouflage to blend in with tree, but if a bird gets too close it shows it's eyelike pattern to distract the bird for a quick getaway.

Front 15

Mertensian Mimicry =

Back 15

A prey species comes to resemble something dangerous to the predator (snake acting like a rattlesnake)

Front 16

Batesian Mimicry=

Back 16

When a palatable insect resembles an unpalatable one (viceroy butterfly resemble the monarch butterfly)

Front 17

Mullerian Mimicry=

Back 17

Two unpalatable insects come to resemble eachother, each species taking advantage of the aversive effects of the other.

Front 18

Types of Secondary Defenses:

Back 18

Flight= Tommies stotting (jumping high into the air when a cheetah is around)
Fight= Ox create a circle with horns out and young in the middle; mobbing of birds;skunk toxins
Freeze= baby deer; opossum's tonic immobility.

Front 19

Flagging Behavior:

Back 19

Parents drawing attention to themselves because they may lose their young (they only mate once a year) the benefit is greater than the cost)

Front 20

What do moths do in order to avoid bat predators?

Back 20

Hairs inside of body an detect high frequency sound waves. If bat is close, they dive wildly, if far away, they turn from their current path.

Front 21

The Evolutionary Arms Race

Back 21

improvements in prey tactics to avoid predation tend to result in reciprocal improvements in the predators methods of obtaining prey. (survival of fittest)

Front 22

How do predator prey arms race stay stable over long periods of time?

Back 22

1. preys abilities always stay just enough ahead of the predators abilities so they both survive.
2. Prey species reproduce and evolve more rapidly
3. Predators spend larger times learning how to hunt and catch prey (preys dont really spend time learning how to escape)

Front 23

Aposematism

Back 23

Warning sign that an animal is dangerous and should be avoided.

Front 24

Disruptive Coloration:

Back 24

Zebra's markings make it hard for predators to detect.