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78 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Nature vs Nurture
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- Interaction between bilogy and environement
- fundamental to interpretation to life span development |
nature- refers to an organisms biological inhert.
nurture- environ. exper. - biological vs social environment |
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Stability vs Change
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- degree in which characteristics persist or change through life
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- do later experience change personality in salient and pertinent ways?
- what is the role of early development? Is Freud right in claiming we are fully determined by our first five years when it comes to personality formation? |
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Continuity vs Dscontinuity
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gradual change vs distinct changes
- transistion between development periods - in application it appears these categories are not mutually exclusive in understanding life span development Paiget came to awknowledge transition periods compensating for his stage determinism |
ex :: gradual change --> physiological change; language
ex :: distinct stages --> education; abstract thinking development |
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What is life span development?
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- field of study focusing on patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior throughout the entire human life span
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understanding changes and interactions of biology, socioemotional and cognitive elements of personhood across the life span
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Organization of the field of life span develoment
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Age ranges (periods)
Domains (mechanisms) :: - biological (physical) - COgnitive - Socioemtional (at each age range the focus of doman shifts) |
biological, cognitive, and socioemotinal processes re responisble for the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span
- domains aaffect one another - essentially the constituents of human experience |
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Biological Processes
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individual physical nature
genes/ brain/ puberty/ excercise |
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Cognitive Processes
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refer to changes in an individuals thought, intellegence, and language
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Socioemotinal processes
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- changes in teh individual relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality
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Context of Devel.
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- immeadiate and extended settings in which devel occurs
- Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory - direct and indirect influences of the environement |
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory
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- microsystem
- mesosystem - exsosystem - macrosystem - chronosystem |
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Microsystem
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- immeadiate regular influ.
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- setting in whcih an individual lives
- direct interactions - ex peers and family - help construct setting- layer in which the indiv. can alter - active particpation |
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Mesosystem
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- interactions of microsystem
-ex class -> you -> family |
- relations b/w microsystems or connections b/w contexts
- interplay b/w microsystems - how family influ. school relationships |
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Exosystem
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-direct/indir. influ. not as frequent in ones life
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- links b/w social setting in which the indiv. does not have an active role and an individuals immeadiate context
- interaction between social context in whch indiv. are passive - change at work affects marital relationships (person is not active) |
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Macrosystem
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broad indirect influ
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- culture in which a person lives
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Chronosystem
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- historical events based on time
- changes in environ. that have a specific connection with time |
- pattern of environ. events and transitions
- over the course of the life span - sociocultural circumstances |
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Scientific Method
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observation
hypothesis pocedures results discussion |
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Independent Var
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- variable that is manipulated by the researcher
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Dependent Var
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- outcome variable
- not manipulated by the researcher |
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Experiment
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- more control
- more likely to be able to conclude a casue/effect relationship - unnatural; researcher influ; lab influ; unrepresentative sample |
- carefully regulated prodcedure in whch one or more factors believed to influ. the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factins are held constant
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Correlational Study
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- less control
- no cause/effect relationship can be determined |
- beyond describing -. help predict how ppl will behav
- the goal is to describe the strength of the relation b.w two or more event or characteristics - correlation coefficient |
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Longitudinal Study
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- studies indiv. across time
- comparision of one point to the next - pros :: details/ more control/ see the effects of age/ controlling for personal variables - cons :: labor/ time intensive/ subjects may outlive experiemt/ resources/ decline to particpate |
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Cross Sectional Study
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- comparision among different age groups
- individuals measured once pros :: all you need one data set cons :: less control |
- simultaneously components individual of different ages
- age groups comprehend with respect to a variety of dependent variables cons :: does not provide info. about now indiv. change or about the stability of their characteristics |
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Cohort
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- group of people born at around the same time and/or place
- important to be aware of possible cohort effects |
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Sequential Study
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- different age groups studied across time
- combines longitudinal and corssectinal methods - different age groups + multiple data sets |
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Biological Perspective
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ethological theory - study of the behav. of AN in their natural habitat (behavior is strongly influenced by bio.)
- critical and sensitive period (presence or absence of certain experiencs has long lasting effects) - impriniting rapid innate learning |
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Infertility
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- inability to concieve after at least on year of sexual intercourse without contraception
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Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
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- sperm washed, concentrated, injected into uterus
- most effective if it is a low sperm count - (used in conjunction with hormones) |
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Gamete Intrafertilization vs In Vitro Fertilization
(GIFT vs IVF) |
Both: - hormones uses
- both extract gametes from the gonads COnTraST: Gift :: harvested gametes are mixed in lab and injected in FALLOPIAN TUBE IVF :: retilized implanted in UTERUS |
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GIFT vs IVF
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GIFT :: gamete mixture (inject)--> fallopian tube
IVF :: zygote (implant)--> Uterus |
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Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
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- hormoens used
- eggs harvested and mixed with sperm - mixture injected directly into fallopian tube |
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) aka in utero fertilization
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- hormones used
- egg and sperm united in lab - fertilized egg implated into the uterus - germinal stages begins in the lab - success not high |
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Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
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- sames as In Vitro Fertilization (implantation of united sperm and egg onto uterine wall) HOWEVER; instead of a feritilized egg a an ovum injected with a sperm cell is implanted onteh uterine wall
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Cytoplasmic Transfer
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- utilives IVF and ICSI techniques instead however it is an egg rejuvination through cytoplams injection
- a mother egg is still used with cytoplasmic material of a donor - addresses problems for cell division - older mothers who still want to use their egg cells |
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Preimplantation Genetic Diagonsis (PGD)
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- utilizes IVF or ICIS
- DNA analysis of embryos before implantation into uterus |
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Elements which affect the Prenatal Envrionment
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- Nutrition
- Maternal age - Teratogens - Stress |
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Affects on the Prenatal Enviornement :: Nutirition
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- vitamins --> folic acid :: neural network
-nasuea :: by product of homone change - overeright or underweigt can have deterimental affects on the prenatal enviorment |
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Affects on the Prenatal Enviornement :: Maternal Age
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- extremely young mother plays a factor (more unlikely to receive prenatal care)
- over 35 significant increase in the embryonic abnormalitity (3 chromosome 21) |
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Affects on the Prenatal Enviornement :: Teratogens
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Combination of exposure and Timing to agents are critical
- def. any agent taht can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes |
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How many gense are their?
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approx 23,000
more proteins that genes |
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allele
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- gene pair
- homo/hetro zygous - Dominant vs Recessive |
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human genome project
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purpose to map out the human genome-(complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism)
findings :: approx 23,000 gense |
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Genotype vs Phenotype
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- set of genes which contribute to traits
vs - outward characteristics or behaviors |
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identical is to monozygotic as faternal is to ..
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dizygotic
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Behav Genetics
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- field of study which seeks to discover the influence of heredity and enviornment on individual differences in human traits and development
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Behav genetics often involves the study of ...
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twins (mono vs di) or adoption cases (bio vs adpoted)
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Adoption Study
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- seek to discover whether teh behav. and psych. chara. of adtD children are more like those of their adptD parents (environment) vs biological parents (heredity)
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Diathesis - Stress Model
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underlying vulnerability + environmental trigger leads to diease
interaction between environment and heredity |
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Down Syndrome
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- 47 chromo (trisomony 21)
- digestive/heart problems - imparied cognitive function - life expectancy reduced to middle adulthood Age the mother (35 and higher increases risk) ~ (older eggs cell division problems) |
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Huntingtons Disease
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- characterized by progressive degeneration of nervous system
- causes uncontrolled movement, intellect changes, emotional disturbance |
- minimal enviormental influence
- onset in adulthood - found on dominant gene |
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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- characterized by lack of enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine
- can cause cognitive deficits - caused by recessive gene |
- mandatory testing at birth
- treatable with special diet |
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Sandra Scarr heredity environment correlations
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Passive / evocative/ active
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Scarr's Heredity Environment Correlations :: Passive
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recieving genes + recieving environment (genetics/prenatal environment)
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Scarr's Heredity Environment Correlations :: Evocative
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- different genotypes influence responses from environment
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tempermaent response
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Scarr's Heredity Environment Correlations :: Active
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- choosing environment based on personal preference
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- counter control
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Epigenetics
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- change in gene expression due to environmental factors
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Ultrasound
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provides information about growth and health of fetus
- high freq sound waves produce picture called sonogram - most typically done in fetal stage - early as week three (why? --> ecleptic pregnancy = fallopian tube implantation --> bleeding and pain) |
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Stages in Prenatal Development
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- germinal, embryonic, fetal
- period from conception to birth - last approximately 38 weeks |
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Germinal Stage
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-lasts 10-14 days after conception
- includes cell division - ends with blastocyst implants into wall of uterus |
fallopian tube --> zygotic form --> implant on uterus
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Embryonic Stage
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- 3rd - 8th Week
Three Layers Develop (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) |
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Embryonic Stage Development :: Three Layers
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Endoderm - innerrmost organs
Mesoderm - middle layer (circulatory system) Ectoderm - outer layer (skin and NVS) |
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zygote vs embryo
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A zygote or a zygocyte is the original cell that comes to creation when a new organism is formed through sexual reproduction. A zygote is formed from the synthesis resulting out of the union of the two distinctive gametes. On the other hand the embryo is the mutlicellular diploid eukaryote in one of the early stages of development. The eukaryote is termed as the embryo, in humans, 8 weeks past the fertilization.
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when is the term embryo used?
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- at the end of the eighth week
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Fetal Stage
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9th week untill birth
lots of growth bodily systems function week 36 respiratory system online |
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Kubler Ross five stages of dying
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denial/iosolation
anger bargaining depression acceptance |
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Grontology
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study of aging
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Thanatology
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study of dying
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Stage 1: Denial and Isolation
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resisting idea of death
defense mechanism May help allow one to absorb difficult information at own pace |
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Stage 2: Anger
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May have positive and/or negative implications
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Stage 3: Bargaining
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Negotiations made as attempts to avoid death
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Stage 4: Depression
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overwhelmed by deep sense of loss.
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Stage 5: Acceptance
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Coming to terms with own mortality
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Passive vs. Active Euthanasia
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Passive Euthanasia:
Not preventing death of patient (i.e., intentionally withholding or disconnecting life-sustaining equipment) Active Euthanasia: Intentional action of causing patient’s death |
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Voluntary vs. Involuntary Euthanasia
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Voluntary Euthanasia:
Patient requests euthanasia Involuntary Euthanasia: Patient does not request/consent to euthanasia |
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Bereavement
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Fact of loss through death
The state of living with loss |
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Grief
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Inward, emotional response associated with bereavement
Kubler-Ross Stage Theory |
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Mourning
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Outward expression of loss
The act of grieving |
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Four tasks of mourning (Worden)
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To accept the reality of the loss
To work through the pain of grief To adjust to an environment in which the deceased is missing To emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with life |
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Adaptation
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Represents last stage of grief/mourning process
Positive and negative outcomes of bereavement, grief, mourning |
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